Fig 1.
Map depicting 45 localities of Eupsophus samples from Chile (listed in S1 Table).
E. roseus: localities 1–16 (red), E insularis: locality 17 (purple), E. migueli: localities 18–20 (blue), E. calcaratus: localities 21–43 (yellow). Localities of outgroup were: E. emiliopugini: 44 and 45 (white), E. vertebralis: 12, 19, 22, Alsodes norae: 19.
Fig 2.
Phylogenetic relationships among Eupsophus species.
This maximum likelihood (ML) tree was reconstructed using concatenated nuclear and mitochondrial data set. Topologies obtained by ML and Bayesian inference were similar. Numbers above branches represent bootstrap scores and Bayesian posterior probabilities. Isolate numbers consist of the species abbreviation (E. roseus: ER, E. migueli: EM, E. insularis: EI, and E. calcaratus: EC), locality abbreviation listed in S1 Table, and field number. Major clades (A, B, and C) and lineages (1–9) of Eupsophus are indicated.
Fig 3.
SVDquartets and species delimitation analyses.
Majority-rule consensus tree from the SVDquartets analysis. Nodal support values are bootstrap proportions. Bars on the right of the tree indicate the species limits as proposed by bGMYC, mPTP, STEM, BPP, Tr2 and BFD analyses. All analyses were carried out with mitochondrial and nuclear loci, except bGMYC and mPTP which used only mitochondrial data set. Limits of formerly Eupsophus species and putative species from Villarrica (Eupsophus sp.) are indicated with different colors on the branches of the tree and with square bracket on the right of the bars. These limits correspond to the most congruent species delimitation scenario (see S3 Table).
Fig 4.
Multi-locus species delimitation analyses.
A) species delimitation scenarios. Specimens were assigned to the delimited species indicated in Fig 3. Abbreviations within parenthesis indicate the grouping tested in each scenario. E. roseus: ER, E. migueli: EM, E. insularis: EI, and E. calcaratus: EC, E. altor: EA, E. contulmoensis: ECO, Eupsophus sp.: EV, E. nahuelbutensis: EN, E. septentrionalis: ES. Some abbreviated localities from S1 Table were added to species abbreviation to indicate a specific locality grouping. The most congruent scenario is indicated in gray. B) probability, marginal likelihood (MLE), or score values generated for each scenario using different species delimitation approaches. Black arrow indicates the credible species hypotheses. For Tr2 lowest score indicates the better-delimited scenario. For STEM and BFD were plotted model probabilities and MLE values using stepping-stone sampling, respectively (see S4 and S5 Tables).
Fig 5.
Species tree and divergence times of Eupsophus.
This cladogram illustrates the posterior distribution of the species trees inferred with BEAST based on the most congruent species delimitation scenario (Figs 3 and 4, S2 Table). High color density is indicative of areas in the species trees with high topology agreement. Different colors represent different topologies. Consensus species tree are colored in blue. Nodal values are Bayesian posterior probability (BEAST) and bootstrap proportions (SVDquartets). Mean divergence dates in million years and 95% credible intervals are indicated (below the support values).