Fig 1.
Relation between income per capita and indicators of population health.
a) LogGDP vs Life Expectancy b) LogGDP vs U5MR. The data pertains to 193 countries for 2015 and is procured from World Development Indicators (WDI) database of World Bank. LE: Life Expectancy at birth (in years). U5MR: Under-five mortality rate is the probability per 1,000 that a new-born child will die before reaching age five, if subject to age-specific mortality rates of the specified year. LogGDP: Natural Logarithm of real GDP per capita at constant 2010 USD.
Table 1.
Variable description and sources of data.
Table 2.
Descriptive statistics.
Fig 2.
Relationship between life expectancy and other indicators of population health.
a) LE vs HALE b) LE vs AMR c) LE vs U5MR. LE: Life Expectancy at birth (in years), HALE: Healthy Life Expectancy (at birth), AMR: Adult Mortality Rate (per 1000 population) and U5MR: Under-5 mortality Rate (per 1000 livebirths). The data pertains to 183 countries in 2015 and is procured from WHO mortality and global health estimates database.
Fig 3.
Relationship between average life expectancy and per capita income, growth.
a) Scatter plot between LogGDP and Life Expectancy b) Scatter plot between Growth and Life Expectancy. LogGDP is the natural logarithm of real per capita income (at PPP prices). Growth: Growth rate of real per capita income calculated as difference of natural logarithm of real per capita income. Life Expectancy: Life Expectancy at Birth (in years). The data presented here is ten-year averaged.
Fig 4.
Movement of life expectancy and per capita income: By sample country.
The Data pertains to 17 advanced economies in the sample. LogGDP: Natural logarithm of per capita GDP (at PPP prices).
Table 3.
Correlation matrix.
Table 4.
OLS results.
Table 5.
Panel GMM results with LogGDP as dependent variable.
Table 6.
Panel GMM results with growth as dependent variable.
Table 7.
Panel GMM results excluding schooling.
Table 8.
Health expenditure and health status in country groupings.
Fig 5.
Relationship between income, life expectancy and OOP.
a) Scatter plot between LogGDP and OOP b) Scatter plot between LE and OOP. The data pertains to 193 countries and is procured from World Development Indicators (WDI) database of World Bank. LogGDP: Natural Logarithm of real GDP per capita at constant 2010 USD. LE: Life Expectancy at Birth. OOP: Out-of-pocket expenditure as percentage of current health expenditure (CHE). Data of all variables pertains to 2015 and is procured from World Development Indicators (WDI) database of World Bank.