Table 1.
Molecular diagnosis methods and primers used in the present study.
Endpoint values are indicated for each qPCR.
Fig 1.
Numbers are corresponding to: 1. Corniche; 2. Androva; 3. Mangarivotra; 4. Antsahavaky; 5. Tsaramandroso ambany; 6. Tsaramandroso cité; 7. Morafeno; 8. Abattoir; 9. Aranta; 10. Tsararano ambony; 11. Ambohimandamina; 12. Sotema; 13. Ambondrona; 14. Amborovy. Cartography base was obtained using OpenStreetMap (OpenStreetMap contributors), kindly provided by Geofabrik under CC-BY 4.0.
Fig 2.
Analysis areas on the map of Mahajanga.
Areas are numbered from 1 to 6 according to the description provided in the text, and colored according to their sanitary level: red is for poor sanitary level; yellow is for medium sanitary level; green is for high sanitary level. The flood zone represented (hatched area) corresponds to the area likely to be flooded with water coming from the Metzinger’s canal. Area 3 is likely to be flooded with sea water at high tide (not represented). Cartography base was obtained using OpenStreetMap (OpenStreetMap contributors), kindly provided by Geofabrik under CC-BY 4.0.
Table 2.
Mean age depending on parasite infection.
Table 3.
Prevalences of parasites species identified among included subjects.
“Other amoebas” correspond to parasites which could not be identified by microscopic examination and PCR-based methods.
Table 4.
Parasite prevalence according to Mahajanga districts (P-values in S2, S3 and S4 Tables).
Table 5.
Average number of infesting parasite species in each study area (standard deviation in brackets).
Fig 3.
Mean number (and standard error) of parasite species found in (A) all subject or (B) infected subjects.
* p < 0.05 ** p < 0.01 *** p < 0.001.
Table 6.
Blastocystis subtype distribution in Africa.
Fig 4.
Molecular phylogenetic analysis of D. fragilis isolates based on ITS sequences.
The evolutionary history was inferred by using the Maximum Likelihood method based on the Tamura 3-parameter model (1000 replicates) using MEGA6. Only bootstrap values higher than 70% are shown. Reference sequences from genotype 1 and 2 were included in the analysis. Isolates from the present study are highlighted in bold. Isolate MAJ 224 correspond to the Simplicimonas similis positive stool sample.
Fig 5.
Molecular phylogenetic analysis of the four S. similis strains isolated in our study based on 18S rRNA sequences.
The evolutionary history was inferred by using the Maximum Likelihood method based on the Tamura 3-parameter model (1000 replicates) using MEGA6. Only bootstrap values higher than 70% are shown. The strains found in human stool (MAJ 224, MAJ171, MAJ 213, MAJ 237) are similar to each other and very similar to the CH394 strain found in Melampheus faber.