Fig 1.
Spatial distribution of the camera-trap stations (red shaded circles) across the Ruaha landscape.
1–11 represents sampling areas: 1. Mdonya; 2. Kwihala; 3. Msembe; 4. Mwagusi; 5. Lunda-Ilolo; 6. Pawaga; 7. Lunda; 8. Idodi; 9. Malinzanga; 10. Nyamahana; 11. Magosi. The yellow shaded circles represent the number of independent detections of leopards (Panthera pardus) at each camera-trap station (> 5 minutes between detection).
Table 1.
Covariates and corresponding expected influence on the estimates of leopard site use and detection in the Ruaha landscape, southern Tanzania, during the dry seasons of 2014–2015.
Ψ: Estimated probability of site use; p: probability of detection, given site use. CPUE: catch-per unit effort index of prey availability for each camera-trap station based on the number of independent records for the main five leopard prey species [42] photographed during the survey.
Table 2.
Sampling effort per area in the Ruaha landscape, southern Tanzania.
CT effort (days): Number of active days of survey.
Fig 2.
Independent detections of the main leopard prey species at each camera-trap station.
A. Bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus); B. Common duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia); C. Greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros); D. Impala (Aepyceros melampus); E. Warthog (Phacochoerus africanus); F. Livestock. 1–11 represents sampling areas: 1. Mdonya; 2. Kwihala; 3. Msembe; 4. Mwagusi; 5. Lunda-Ilolo; 6. Pawaga; 7. Lunda; 8. Idodi; 9. Malinzanga; 10. Nyamahana; 11. Magosi.
Fig 3.
Variation in prey detection across the gradient of anthropogenic pressure in the Ruaha landscape.
Independent events (> 5 min interval between detection). Bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus); Common duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia); Greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros); Impala (Aepyceros melampus); Warthog (Phacochoerus africanus).
Fig 4.
Predicted association of the covariates to the probability of site use of leopards (Panthera pardus).
The solid line represents the posterior mean, and the light grey lines represent the estimated uncertainty based on a random posterior sample of 150–200 iterations. Occupancy probability = site use.
Table 3.
Posterior means, standard deviations (S.D.), 95% credible intervals (C.I.), and Bayesian inclusion parameters (wc) of leopard site use models fit to camera-trap data from the Ruaha landscape, southern Tanzania, during the dry seasons of 2014–2015.