Fig 1.
Photosynthetic temperature response of Fucus vesiculosus.
Normalised maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) for the alga Fucus vesiculosus from the leading (Greenland, blue) and rear (Portugal, red) edge of distribution, directly after a 3 hour exposure to control (10°C) or elevated temperatures (18, 24, 28 and 32°C) and after a 21 hour recovery at control temperatures. Boxplot horizontal lines show the median, boxes show the 50% quartiles, and the error bars display the range of the data (n = 5). Asterisks show significant pair-wise differences between edges (* p<0.05; ** p<0.01) and different letters indicate significant pair-wise differences (p<0.05) between temperatures.
Fig 2.
Photosynthetic temperature response of Zostera marina.
Normalised maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) for the seagrass Zostera marina from the leading (Greenland, blue) and trailing (Portugal, red) edge of distribution, directly after a 3 hours exposure (HS) to control (10°C) or elevated temperatures (18, 24, 28 and 32°C) and after recovery at control temperatures. Boxplot horizontal lines show the median, boxes show the 50% quartiles, and the error bars display the range of the data (n = 5). Asterisks show significant pair-wise differences between edges (* p<0.05) and different letters indicate significant pairwise differences between temperatures (p<0.05).
Table 1.
PERMANOVA of Fucus vesiculosus Fv/Fm.
F. vesiculosus from northern and southern distribution edges (Ed: North and South) collected directly after exposure to different temperatures for 3 hours (Te: 10, 18, 24, 28 and 32°C). Significant terms are shown in bold.
Table 2.
PERMANOVA of Fucus vesiculosus Fv/Fm.
F. vesiculosus from northern and southern distribution edges (Ed: North and South) subjected to different temperatures for 3 hours (Te: 10, 18, 24, 28 and 32°C) and collected 21 hours after return to control (10°C) temperature. Significant terms are shown in bold, Res = Residual.
Table 3.
PERMANOVA of Zostera marina Fv/Fm.
Z. marina from northern and southern distribution edges (Ed: North and South) collected directly after exposure to different temperatures for 3 hours (Te: 10, 18, 24, 28 and 32°C). Significant terms are shown in bold, Res = Residual.
Table 4.
PERMANOVA of Zostera marina Fv/Fm.
Z. marina from northern and southern distribution edges (Ed: North and South) subjected to different temperatures for 3 hours (Te: 10, 18, 24, 28 and 32°C) and collected 21 hours after return to control (10°C) temperature. Significant terms are shown in bold, Res = Residual.
Fig 3.
Gene expression temperature response of Fucus vesiculosus.
Expression of seven heat shock transcripts in response to control (10°C) and elevated seawater temperatures (24, 28 and 32°C), after 3h of HS and after recovery in the alga Fucus vesiculosus from the leading (North) and trailing (South) edge of distribution. Relative gene expression values were normalised to geometrical average of three reference genes and to a reference condition (each control at 10°C). Bars show the mean, and error bars display the range of the data (n = 3 biological replicates). Asterisks show significant pair-wise differences between edges (* p<0.05; ** p<0.01; *** p<0.001) and different letters indicate significant pair-wise differences between temperatures (p<0.05).
Table 5.
Summary statistical analysis table of Fucus vesiculosus gene expression.
For each transcript, data from the two sampling times were analysed separately for homogeneity of multivariate dispersions (PERMDISP) and variance (PERMANOVA), for both fixed factors (Edge: North and South; Temperature: 10, 24, 28 and 32°C) with the PERMANOVA module on Primer 6 (Tables C and D in S1 File). Significant p-values (<0.05) are shown in bold.