Fig 1.
Arterial (upper row) and venous phases (bottom row) in DSA recordings of patients diagnosed with Yakes type IIIb (left column), Yakes type IV (middle column) and hyperdynamic CV-AVMs (right column).
Fig 2.
Prototype capillary bundle elements and microvascular AVMs.
Schematic representation of a capillary bundle element with feeding arteriole and draining venule. (A) Baseline: physiological reference condition; (B) Type IV: example of Yakes type IV AVM; (C) CV-AVM: hypothesized morphology of a hyperdynamic CV-AVM.
Fig 3.
Example of concentration measurements in DSA recordings.
(A) Arterial and venous sampling ROIs, (B) normalized CA intensity evolution for ROIs depicted in A.
Fig 4.
Hemodynamic parameters of computational AVM models.
Temporal mean of blood flow velocities (left column) and flow rates (right column) in the inlet arteriole (first row), capillary bed (second row, mean value over all capillaries), fistulous vessels (third row, maximum value over all fistulae) and outlet venule (fourth row) for all computed prototypes. Each solid line represents one prototype baseline (green), type IV (orange) and type CV (blue) configuration.
Fig 5.
CA concentration at inlet and outlet nodes of computational AVM models.
Temporal evolution of CA concentration at the injection point Ain (red curve) and at the venular outlet node Vout of computational prototypes for baseline conditions (green), type IV (orange) and CV (blue) AVMs. The dashed black lines represent the output of the fitted TOp for each configuration.
Fig 6.
Analysis of DSA recordings of AVM patient cases.
The dots on the solid curves represent sampled arterial (red) and venous (grey for type IIIb, orange for type IV and blue for CV-AVM) equivalent concentration values, while the dashed black line shows the corresponding fitted TOp output.
Fig 7.
AD and td values for computational AVM models and patient cases.
Scaled AD (absolute dispersion) and td (total delay) for baseline (green triangles), type IIIb (grey triangles), type IV (orange triangles), type CV (blue triangles) and type IIIb (grey triangles) computational models (n = 315) and type IV (orange circles), type CV (blue circles) and type I/III (grey circles) patient cases (n = 10).