Fig 1.
Non-viruliferous GRLHs preferred RDV-infected rice plants over RDV-free rice plants.
The histogram bars show numbers of insects settled on RDV-free and RDV-infected rice plants. The asterisks indicate statistical significance, determined by Chi-square test, with null hypothesis of no preference between the treatments (GRLHs not settled on any plant surface or died were not induced in the statistical analysis) [12] (* P < 0.05, * * P < 0.01).
Fig 2.
Viruliferous GRLHs preferred RDV-free rice plants over RDV-infected rice plants.
The histogram bars show numbers of insects settled on RDV-free and RDV-infected rice plants. The asterisks indicate statistical significance, as determined by the Chi-square test, with null hypothesis of no preference between the treatments (GRLHs not settled on any plant surface or died were not induced in the statistical analysis) [12] (* P < 0.05, * * P < 0.01).
Fig 3.
Odor selection preferences of non-viruliferous GRLHs exposed to rice plant volatiles.
Preferences were determined as times individual insects invested in each field of a four-field olfactometer during 1 h experiments. (A) RDV-free rice plants were placed in one odor source, with the other three fields charged with filtered clean air (n = 18). (B) RDV-infected rice plants were placed in one odor source, with the other three fields charged with filtered clean air (n = 15). (C) RDV-free and RDV-infected rice plants were placed in opposite fields (n = 20). The orientation of the fields is indicated relative to the field laced with the test odor: Non, RDV-free rice plants; RDV, RDV-infected rice plants; L, left; O, opposite; R, right. Scatter diagram show examples of location of single tracer GRLH per second during a 1 h experiment. The broken line at 900 s indicates an equal amount of time in all fields. Deviations from equal distribution were tested with a Friedman-ANOVA (P < 0.05). Bars annotated with different letters were significantly different from each other (Wilcoxon-Wilcox test).
Fig 4.
Odor selection preferences of viruliferous GRLHs exposed to rice plant volatiles.
Preferences were determined as times individual insects invested in each field of a four-field olfactometer during 1 h experiments. (A) Same as Fig 3 panel A (n = 17). (B) Same as Fig 3 panel B (n = 18). (C) Same as Fig 3 panel C (n = 20). Scatter diagram show examples of location of single tracer GRLH per second during a 1 h experiment. The broken line at 900 s indicates an equal amount of time in all fields. Deviations from equal distribution were tested with a Friedman-ANOVA (P < 0.05). Bars annotated with different letters are significantly different from each other (Wilcoxon-Wilcox test).
Fig 5.
Non-viruliferous GRLHs invested time in each waveform during 6 h recording periods.
The histogram bars show percentages of time invested in each waveform on RDV-free (n = 13) and RDV-infected (n = 15) rice plants. NP = non-penetration, Nc1 = penetration initiation, Nc2 = salivation and stylet movement, Nc4 = ingestion from phloem bundle tissues, Nc5 = ingestion from xylem bundle tissues. The data are means ± s. e. m. Histogram bars annotated with * indicate significant difference (P < 0.05), ns indicates no significant difference (P > 0.05).
Fig 6.
Viruliferous GRLHs invested time in each waveform during 6 h recording periods.
The histogram bars show percentage of time invested in each waveform on RDV-free (n = 14) and RDV-infected (n = 17) rice plants. The data are means ± s. e. m. Histogram bars annotated with * indicate significant differences (P < 0.05), ns indicates no significant difference (P > 0.05).
Fig 7.
Three EPG parameters of non-viruliferous GRLHs feeding on RDV- free (n = 13) and RDV-infected (n = 15) rice plants.
The data were electrically recorded during 6 h feeding periods on rice plants. The histogram bars show time (min) spent on each of the rice treatments. The data are means ± s. e. m. Histogram bars annotated with * were significantly different (P < 0.05).
Fig 8.
Three EPG parameters of viruliferous GRLHs feeding on RDV- free (n = 14) and RDV-infected (n = 17) rice plants.
The data were electrically recorded during 6 h feeding periods on rice plants. The histogram bars show time (min) spent on each of the rice treatments. The data are means ± s. e. m. Histogram bars annotated with * were significantly different (P < 0.05).