Fig 1.
Marine protected areas (MPAs) with coral reef in the equatorial eastern Pacific region.
MPAs color-coded by country: Pink (Mexico (MX): Huatulco Bays); Gray (El Salvador (SA): Los Cobanos); Green (Costa Rica (CR): Santa Rosa, Cabo Blanco, Playa Blanca, Manuel Antonio, Marino Ballena, Caño Island, Corcovado, Río Oro, Piedra Blanca, and Cocos Island); Purple (Panama (PA): Golfo de Chiriquí, Isla Montuosa and Banco Hannibal, Coiba Island, Veraguas, Cerro Hoya, Iguana Island, Taboga-Uraba, and Las Perlas); Yellow (Colombia (CO): Utria, Malaga, Gorgona Island, and Malpelo Island); and Orange (Ecuador (EC): Galapagos Islands, Galera-San Francisco, Machalilla, El Pelado, Santa Elena, and Santa Clara). The MCCETP MPAs are marked with a cross inside the circle. For details about the MPAs, refer to [17]. All maps were made by using the GSHHS coastline database [51].
Fig 2.
Connectivity matrices for PLD of 40 days (left panel) and 130 days (right panel). Solid lines separate MPAs of Mexico, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia and Ecuador. Mexico: HU (Huatulco Bays); El Salvador: CO (Los Cobanos); Costa Rica: SR (Santa Rosa), CB (Cabo Blanco), PB (Playa Blanca), MA (Manuel Antonio), MB (Marino Ballena), IC (Caño Island), CV (Corcovado), RO (Rio Oro), PI (Piedra Blanca), CC (Cocos Island); Panama: GC (Golfo de Chiriquí), BH (Isla Montuosa and Banco Hannibal), CA (Coiba Island), VE (Veraguas), CH (Cerro Hoya), II (Iguana Island), TU (Taboga-Uraba), LP (Las Perlas); Colombia: UT (Utria), MG (Malaga), GO (Gorgona Island), IM (Malpelo Island); and Ecuador: IG (Galapagos Islands), GF (Galera-San Francisco), MH (Machalilla), PE (El Pelado), SE (Santa Elena), SC (Santa Clara). Names in bold indicate MPAs of the Marine Conservation Corridor of the Eastern Tropical Pacific (MCCETP).
Fig 3.
Genetic and demographic connectivity for PLD of 40 days (left panel) and 130 days (right panel). Line width represents larval transport intensity. Blue and red lines correspond to potential genetic (p ≤ 0.001) and demographic (p > 0.001) connectivity, respectively. All maps were made by using the GSHHS coastline database [51].
Fig 4.
Larval transport pathways for PLD of 40 days (left panel) and 130 days (right panel). Line width denotes larval transport intensity. Black lines represent the major larval transport pathways (≥ 10% of larvae produced in the MPA). Blue lines indicate secondary larval transport pathways (< 10% of larvae produced in the MPA). All maps were made by using the GSHHS coastline database [51].
Fig 5.
Strong components for PLD of 40 days (left panel) and 130 days (right panel). Line width stands for larval transport intensity, with the wider line indicating more intense larval transport. Colors represent the different strong components. All maps were made by using the GSHHS coastline database [51].
Fig 6.
Betweenness centrality for PLD of 40 days (left panel) and 130 days (right panel). Line width stands for larval transport intensity, with the wider line indicating more intense larval transport. All maps were made by using the GSHHS coastline database [51].
Fig 7.
Number of larvae exchanged for PLD of 40 days (left panel) and 130 days (right panel). Green bars = subsidiary recruitment (or in-degree); Blue bars = self-recruitment; Red bars = subsidiary contribution (or out-degree). Dashed lines separate MPAs of Mexico, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia and Ecuador. Red and blue lines represent 10% and 50% of larval production from each MPA, respectively.
Fig 8.
Communities according to the Louvain method for PLD = 40 days (left panel) and PLD = 130 days (right panel). Colors represent different communities detected by the algorithm. All maps were made by using the GSHHS coastline database [51].