Fig 1.
Effect of hemp seed hexane extracts against the growth of P. acnes.
All data are presented as mean±SD of three independent experiments. *p<0.05 indicates significant differences compared to control group.
Fig 2.
Inhibitory effects of hemp seed hexane extracts on P. acnes-induced inflammation in HaCaT cells.
(A) Effects of hemp seed hexane extracts (HSHE) on iNOS, COX-2 and IL-1β expression in P. acnes-stimulated HaCaT cells. The expressions of iNOS, COX-2, and IL-1β were analyzed with ImageJ and normalized against β-actin. (B) Effects of HSHE on NO production in P. acnes-stimulated HaCaT cells. ELISA results demonstrate that HSHE reduced PGE2 (C) and IL-8 (D) in P. acnes-infected HaCaT cells. ELISA results demonstrate that HSHE reduced in P. acnes-infected HaCaT cells. All data are expressed as mean ± SD. *P<0.05 compared with P. acnes treated cells only.
Fig 3.
Hemp seed hexane extracts effectively inhibit the NF-κB signaling pathway in P. acnes-treated HaCaT cells.
The expression of p-IKKα/β, p-IκB-α and p-NF-κB were analyzed with ImageJ and normalized against β-actin. Results are expressed as mean ± SD. *P<0.05 compared with P. acnes treated cells only.
Fig 4.
Effect of hemp seed hexane extracts on p-NFκB p65 nuclear translocation in P. acnes-induced HaCaT cells.
Immunofluorescence staining for p-NF-κB (red) in P. acnes-exposed HaCaT cells without and with 0.6% HSHE. Nuclei are stained with DAPI (blue). HSHE reduced the nuclear translocation and accumulation of p-NF-κB, which was induced by P. acnes. Scale bar = 20 μm.
Fig 5.
Hemp seed hexane extracts effectively inhibit the MAPK signaling pathway in P. acnes-treated HaCaT cells.
(A) The expression of p-p38, p-ERK, and p-JNK were analyzed with ImageJ and normalized against β-actin. (B) Transcriptional activation of AP-1 was analyzed by luciferase reporter assay. AP-1 signaling was down-regulated by HSHE in HaCaT cells. Results are expressed as mean ± SD. *P<0.05 compared with P. acnes treated cells only.
Fig 6.
Stimulatory effect of hemp seed hexane extracts on in vitro collagen synthesis.
(A) Effect of HSHE on collagen production in P. acnes-induced Hs68 cells. (B) Effect of HSHE on P. acnes-induced MMP-9 activity (gelatinase) on zymographic gel. The expression of MMP-9 was analyzed with ImageJ and normalized against P. acnes treated cells only. All data are expressed as mean ± SD. *P<0.05 compared with P. acnes treated cells only.
Fig 7.
Regulation of intracellular lipogenesis through AMPK signals in IGF-1-induced sebocytes.
The expression of p-AMPKα, p-mTOR, SREBP1, and FAS was analyzed with ImageJ and normalized against β-actin. Results are expressed as mean ± SD. *P<0.05 compared with IGF-1 treated cells only.
Fig 8.
Regulation of intracellular lipogenesis through the AKT/FoxO1 signals in IGF-1-induced sebocytes.
The expression levels of p-AKT and p-FoxO1 were analyzed with ImageJ and normalized against β-actin. Results are expressed as mean ± SD. *P<0.05 compared with IGF-1 treated cells only.
Fig 9.
Inhibitory effect of hemp seed hexane extracts on the IGF-1-stimulated 5-lipoxygenase level in sebocytes.
All data are expressed as mean ± SD. *P<0.05 compared with IGF-1 treated cells only.
Fig 10.
The underlying mechanism for anti-acne activity of hemp seed hexane extracts via anti-inflammation in P.acnes-stimulated HaCaT cells and anti-lipogenesis in sebocytes.