Fig 1.
PCA analysis results featuring all populations.
Each symbol represents an individual. (a) Shows the population structure of investigated major regional populations on principal components 1 and 2. (b) Shows the population structure of major populations on principal component 2 and 4. (c) All populations included in PCA grouped into regions on principal component 1 and 2 (d) Structure of all populations included in the PCA plotted on principal component 3 and 4. Note that all four graphs are the result of the same PCA. Eigenvalues of PC1 and PC2 were 19.38 and 6.67, eigenvalues of PC3 and PC4 were 6.07 and 5.31.
Fig 2.
ADMIXTURE analysis results at K = 3 and 7 hypothetical ancestral groups.
Each column group represents one population, each column represents one individual. The number of individuals in this analysis was restricted to a maximum size of 30, except of Roma. A figure containing all ADMIXTURE graphs from K = 3 to K = 10 can be found in the supplemental material (S1 Fig).
Fig 3.
(a) Maximum likelihood graph and 3 included migration events estimated by TreeMix. Contains population from all investigated regions. (b) The residual fit from the ML graph.
Table 1.
Pairwise average allele frequency differentiation (Fst) values between Roma and the investigated regional populations.
Table 2.
The distribution of South Asian (Indian) ancestry and the ancestry related to investigated regional populations in Romani people.
Fig 4.
Model setup of the proposed admixture between Roma ancestors and Caucasus populations tested with Admixture graph fitting.
Branch lengths are shown in units of Fst*1000. Worst F-statistics result is shown above the graph. OoA—Out of Africa, AWE—Ancestral West Eurasians, AEE—Ancestral East Eurasians, ASA—Ancestral South Asians.
Fig 5.
Average pairwise IBD sharing between Roma and the investigated regional populations.
(a) IBD share between Roma and investigated regions. (b) IBD share between Roma and South Asian populations. (c) IBD share of Roma with the Caucasus. (d) IBD share of Roma with Middle East and Central Asian populations.
Fig 6.
Average IBD length distribution between Roma and all investigated regions.
(a) Average IBD length distribution between Roma and all regions. (b) Average IBD length distribution of Roma with South Asian groups. (c) Average IBD length distribution of Roma with the Caucasus. (d) Average IBD length distribution of Roma with populations from the Middle East and Central Asia.
Table 3.
Admixture date estimation results computed using ALDER.