Table 1.
Examples of evidence of early introductions of selected marine non-indigenous species.
Fig 1.
Global seaborne trade, volume in metric tons, 1975–2015 (data from [45]).
Photo credit: Maiju Lehtiniemi.
Table 2.
Examples of records of four widely introduced non-indigenous cultured marine species.
Fig 2.
Temporal trends in global aquaculture: % of whiteleg shrimp Penaeus vannamei of shrimp and prawn culture in marine and brackish environment, % of Japanese cupped oyster Crassostrea gigas of oyster culture in marine environment, and % of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar of fish culture in marine environment.
Decrease in relative contribution of C. gigas is related to increase in oyster culture in China, where C. plicatula and C. rivularis are cultured on a large commercial scale (Data from [111]). Photo credits: IFREMER (France), Ralf Mae and Nicholas Yap.
Table 3.
Examples of first records of non-indigenous marine species attributed to the ornamental trade vector.
First record is the date of reported collection. “Status” indicates whether species has established self-sustaining populations. “Certainty” refers to confidence of vector assignment; “possible” indicates ornamental as one of several possible vectors, “probable” indicates most likely or sole vector ascribed in reference(s), “certain” indicates a verified aquarium release.
Table 4.
Examples of canals connecting different seas (data from [174–177]).
Table 5.
Examples of field surveys designed and implemented to detect non-indigenous marine species.
Fig 3.
Timeline of molecular methods applications to marine bioinvasions research and surveillance, with images visualising examples of species or biological matrices to which the method was applied in the context of bioinvasions (data from [217,220,221,222,223,225,226,236,238,250]).
Photo credits: APRAE SOD (Italy), Jan-Erik Bruun, Vivian Husa, Pixabay, Heli Spilev and Anastasija Zaiko.
Table 6.
Examples of the ecological and environmental impacts of non-indigenous marine species.
Table 7.
Schemes describing vector uncertainty in marine bioinvasions.
Table 8.
Selected management responses to non-indigenous marine species, by international organizations, in chronological order of response.
Fig 4.
Milestones of management responses to marine bioinvasions, in red–legally binding instruments (panel A); key non-indigenous species introductions since 1200s (panel B). For details, see Global policy and legislation and Table 8. Photo credits: Jim Carlton, IFREMER (France), IMR (Norway), Lauri Laitila, Maiju Lehtiniemi and Pixabay.