Fig 1.
Initial development and growth rate of cultured Rhizophora stylosa.
(A) Development of the first leaves (no. of days) and (B) average height (cm) at 10 months in low (0–3 ppt), moderate (17–20 ppt) and high (33–36 ppt) salinity treatments. In each salinity treatment, the seedlings were irrigated with low (LW), mid (MW) and high water (HW) levels.
Table 1.
Two-way ANOVA showing the effects of salinity and water depth on the development and growth of R. stylosa seedlings in the emerged condition cultured for 10 months.
Fig 2.
Biomass production of cultured R. stylosa harvested after a 10-month culture period.
(A) Aboveground biomass or shoot biomass and B) belowground biomass or root biomass in three salinity treatments with three water depths per treatment.
Fig 3.
Relationship of reactive oxygen species and antioxidant enzyme activities in the leaves of R. stylosa.
(A) H2O2 concentration and antioxidant activities of (B) APX, (C) CAT and (D) POD in the emerged condition in three salinity treatments with three water depths per treatment.
Table 2.
Two-way ANOVA showing the effects of (A) salinity, water depth and (B) salinity and inundation on R. stylosa seedlings. A and B correspond to emerged and submerged conditions, respectively.
Fig 4.
Pigments, carotenoids and Fv/Fm ratio in the emerged condition.
(A) Chl a, (B) chl b, (C) carotenoids and (D) Fv/Fm ratio in the leaves of R. stylosa cultured for 10 months in three salinity treatments with three water depths per salinity treatment.
Fig 5.
Photos of the harvested leaves of cultured R. stylosa subjected to prolonged inundation.
The leaves of the seedlings in (A) low salinity showed no chlorosis after seven days, whereas the seedlings exposed to (B) moderate salinity showed chlorosis after five days and those exposed to (C) high salinity developed chlorotic leaves after four days.
Fig 6.
Influence of periodic and prolonged inundation on ROS and antioxidant enzymes.
Whereas periodic inundation increased the concentration and activities, prolonged inundation caused reductions in the (A) concentration of H2O2 and activities of (B) APX, (C) CAT and (D) POD in the leaves of R. stylosa seedlings cultured for 10 months in three salinity treatments with three water depths per treatment.
Fig 7.
Influence of periodic and prolonged inundation on pigments and fluorescence.
Both inundation hydroperiods caused reductions in (A) chl a, (B) chl b, (C) carotenoids and (D) Fv/Fm ratio of R. stylosa seedlings cultured for 10 months in three salinity treatments with three water depths per treatment.