Fig 1.
Areas and 10 communities sampled in the study (note: this figure was recreated using an open source map from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_the_world).
Fig 2.
A cross-sectional diagram of CBs with a flat grate (A) and a vertical grate (B).
Fig 3.
Examples of CBs with flat grates, including those (A-1) connected with surface gutters, and those (A-2) that are independent; (a-1,2) the insides of CB chambers.
Fig 4.
Examples of CBs with vertical grates: including those (B-1) with unsealed lids, and those (B-2) with sealed lids; (b-1,2) the insides of CB chambers.
Fig 5.
Examples of stormwater MCs with different sizes and covers, including those (M-1,2,3) with round covers, and those (M-4,5,6) with square cover, and covers made of (M-1,4) concrete, (M-2,5) cast iron, and (M-3,6) plastic composite.
(m-1,2,3,4,5,6) the insides of MCs.
Fig 6.
Examples of sewage MCs with different sizes and covers.
Sewage MCs include those covers made of (M-7,9) cast iron, and (M-8,10) plastic composite. (m-7,8) the insides of MCs.
Fig 7.
Examples of telecommunication MCs with different sizes and covers.
Telecommunication MCs include those covers made of (M-11) cast iron, (M-12) concretes, and (M-13) plastic composite. (m-11,12,13) the insides of MCs.
Table 1.
Percentage of CBs and MCs containing water in different environments.
Fig 8.
Comparison of structural characteristics and mosquito productions between CBs and MCs.
Fig 9.
Water-holding status and mosquito productions of CBs and MCs among 10 communities.
Table 2.
Physical parameters and mosquito production of CBs with different features.
Table 3.
Mosquito species composition of CBs with different features.
Table 4.
Physical parameters and mosquito production of MCs with different features.
Table 5.
Mosquito species composition of MCs with different features.
Fig 10.
Examples of aging and broken MCs covers made of plastic composite.