Fig 1.
Characteristic of included studies (randomized controlled trials).
Fig 2.
Flow diagram of search results and study selection.
Fig 3.
Risk of bias in the included studies.
Table 1.
Summary of findings.
Fig 4.
Comparison of umbilical cord milking and delayed cord clamping.
(A) Outcome 1: neonatal intensive care unit mortality. (B) Outcome 3: Need for transfusion. (C) Outcome 4: Hb level at birth. (D) Outcome 5: Maximum serum bilirubin. (E) Outcome 6: IVH. (F) Outcome 7: Development quotient using Bailey Ⅲ Cognitive scores at 2 years of age ≧85. (G) Outcome 7: Development quotient using Bailey Ⅲ Language scores at 2 years of age ≧85. (H) Outcome 7: Development quotient using Bailey Ⅲ Motor scores at 2 years of age ≧85. (I) Outcome 12: Necrotizing enterocolitis. (J) Outcome 13: Oxygen dependency at 36 weeks. (K) Outcome 14: Sepsis. (L) Outcome 16: Spontaneous intestinal perforation. UCM: umbilical cord milking; DCC: delayed cord clamping; SD: standard deviation; CI: confidence interval.