Fig 1.
Schematic representation of experimental outline used to establish a porcine cement kyphoplasty model.
In this experimental setup, a balloon is inserted into a porcine vertebra. Following inflation of the balloon, PMMA cement with or without magnets is injected into the vertebra. 24-hours after surgery, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are injected systemically via the ear vein. (Image illustrated by Victoria Zakrzewski.).
Fig 2.
Successful establishment of a porcine magnetic kyphoplasty model.
(A) Magnetically enhanced kyphoplasty cement was injected into the vertebrae of a male pig via a kyphoplasty catheter (KC). (B) Intraoperative X-ray of the experimental vertebra showing proper alignment of the KC and placement of the cement and magnet (M) within the vertebral body. (C) The magnets introduced during kyphoplasty were seen upon examination of the dissected experimental vertebral body. (D) Sectioning the vertebrae of the magnetic kyphoplasty reveals a darker coloration of the bone marrow within the experimental vertebral body as a result of magnetic nanoparticle iron deposition (ID).
Fig 3.
Magnetic nanoparticle localization and quantification in thoracic vertebra.
(A) Prussian blue staining of histological sections from thoracic vertebra injected with magnetic cement display heavy concentrations of magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) clusters near the blood vessels (BV), with diffuse MNPs throughout the tissue, indicating the MNPs can exit the blood vessel lumen and enter the bone marrow space. (B) No MNPs were noted in lumbar vertebrae or thoracic vertebra that did not have a magnet. (C) Quantification of Prussian blue staining in 10 fields of view of each experimental group. * Compared with thoracic vertebra containing magnets, p<0.05.