Fig 1.
Schematic diagram of experimental procedure.
(Note: figure not to scale, timing approximate). A. LO: Lights Out. Sleep for approximately 3 REM cycles. B. DREC: Recall and memorize dream upon awakening to use with MILD procedure at E. C. Ingest galantamine capsules. (All participants received all three doses (0, 4, and 8 mg) in one of 6 counterbalanced orders.) D. Sleep interruption (out of bed for 30 min). Engage in quiet activity with focus on lucid dreaming. (“Wake back to bed") E. Return to sleep practicing MILD using the dream recalled at B. F. Experimental Nap(s). G. REPORT: On awakening, dream recall, content scales, and full reports for lucid dreams.
Fig 2.
Percent of participants (N = 121) reporting at least one lucid dream (LD) on returning to sleep following ingestion of one of three masked doses of galantamine (0 mg [G0], 4 mg [G4], and 8 mg [G8]) prior to 30–40 minutes out of bed.
The baseline estimate (“BASE”, 4%) of lucid dreaming frequency for one night was calculated from the self-reported estimates of how many LDs participants experienced in the previous six months, divided by 180. [95% CI computed by resampling.] Error bars show estimated standard error of the conditional means. Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences between conditions: * p<0.05; ** p<0.01; *** p<0.001.
Table 1.
Percent of 121 participants reporting at least one lucid dream in a double-blind, randomized crossover design comparing pre-sleep administration of three doses of Galantamine (0 mg, 4 mg, and 8 mg).
Fig 3.
Responses to dimensions of consciousness (DIMs) questionnaire separated by lucid and non-lucid dreams and galantamine dose (G0 = 0 mg; G4 = 4 mg; G8 = 8 mg).
Points and error bars show the mean and standard error of the mean.
Table 2.
Dimensions of consciousness (DIM) for lucid and non-lucid dreams.
Table 3.
Dimensions of consciousness (DIM) by galantamine dose (0 mg (G0), 4 mg (G4) and 8 mg (G8)).