Table 1.
Pain characteristics and Oswestry Disability Index scores.
Note: values are presented as Median value: Xme (minimum value (Xmin)—maximum value (Xmax)). LBP—low back pain; NRS- Numeric Rating Scale for Pain; ODI—Oswestry Disability Index.
Fig 1.
Preparation and the procedure of maximal isometric voluntary contraction with electromechanical dynamometer and surface electrodes.
a) Direct transmission system (DTS) sensors, b) EMG electrodes c) electromechanical dynamometer.
Fig 2.
Performed exercises in following the same sequence.
From the top Kneeling plank exercise, Side-bridge exercise and Curl-up (stabilization manoeuvre and upper torso was curled up).
Fig 3.
Trunk muscles’ activity during static exercises.
Notes: RA–rectus abdominal muscle, EO–external obliques muscles, IO–internal obliques muscles, ES–erectus spine muscles, AB–abdominal bracing, AH–abdominal hollowing. The results are presented as a median and non parametric confidence interval of median.
Fig 4.
Trunk muscles’ activity during dynamic exercises.
Notes: RA–rectus abdominal muscle, EO–external obliques muscles, IO–internal obliques muscles, ES–erectus spine muscles, AB–abdominal bracing, AH–abdominal hollowing. The results are presented as a median and non parametric confidence interval of median.
Table 2.
Comparison of trunk muscles’ electrical activity in static and dynamic exercises—highest and lowest activity values.
Notes: RA–rectus abdominal muscle, EO–external obliques muscles, IO–internal obliques muscles, ES–erectus spine muscles, AB–abdominal bracing, AH–abdominal hollowing.
Table 3.
Correlation between the percentage of ODI and %MVC of EO muscle.
Notes: ODI—Oswestry Disability Index; MVC—maximal isometric voluntary contraction; EO—external oblique muscles.