Table 1.
PCR primers additionally designed to improve the amplification of three mtDNA sections.
Table 2.
Genetic variation of the 5’ portion of the mtDNA control region in horses living in Theodore Roosevelt National Park.
The sequences were aligned with the horse reference mtDNA sequence (GenBank accession number X79547). Numbers show transitions.
Table 3.
The mtDNA diversity statistics in the feral horse populations.
Fig 1.
Bayesian inference phylogenetic tree demonstrating the phylogenetic relationship of mitochondrial genomes of three mtDNA lineages found in the TRNP horses, and the mtDNAs of 84 modern horses.
The donkey mitochondrial genome sequence (NC_001788) used as an outgroup is not displayed. Numbers shown by the Roman numeral I indicates the clades with the highest posterior probability value. The color scale refers to the clades with the posterior probabilities between 0.5 and 1.
Table 4.
Comparison of genetic diversity between the Theodore Roosevelt National Park horse herd, other feral herds, and selected domestic breeds.
Fig 2.
Restricted Maximum Likelihood tree of nuclear genetic relationships Theodore Roosevelt National Park horses in comparison to 46 domestic breeds and Przewalski Horse (used as an outgroup).
Numbers at split represent probability based on bootstrapping.
Fig 3.
Principal Coordinates Plot of nuclear genetic relationships for horses at Theodore Roosevelt National Park in comparison to select domestic breeds.
ACRD, American Cream Draft; AKTK, Akhal Teke; ANDA, Andalusian; ARAB, Arabian; ASTR, Asturcon; BELG, Belgian Draft; BRCR, Brazillian Criollo; CAMP, Campolino; CAND, Canadian; CASP, Caspian; CHCR, Chilean Criollo; CLYD, Clydsedale; COPF, Colombian Paso Fino; DLPY, Dales Pony; FLPY, Fell Pony; GALI, Galiceno; GARO, Garrano; HAFL, Haflinger; HANO, Hanoverian; HLPY, Highland Pony; HOLS, Holstein; KRYZ, Kyrgyztan; LUSI, Lusitano; MOFT, Missouri Fox Trotter; MONG, Mongolian Horse; MORH, Morgan Horse; PANT, Pantaniero; PERC, Percheron; PERU, Peruvian Paso; PRPF, Puerto Rican Paso Fino; QUAH, Quarter Horse; RKMH, Rocky Mountain Horse; SADB, American Saddlebred; SEFR, Selle Francais; SHIR, Shire; SHPY, Shetland Pony; STBD, Standardbred; SUFK, Suffolk Punch; THBD, Thoroughbred; TNWH, Tennessee Walking Horse; TRNP, Theodore Roosevelt National Park; TURK, Turkoman; VECR, Venezuelian Criollo; WELP, Welsh Pony; YAKT, Yakut.
Fig 4.
Barplot from STRUCTURE analysis of Theodore Roosevelt National Park horses and nine domestic breeds found in North America according to the following abbreviations: CAND, Canadian Horse; THBD, Thoroughbred; TNWH, Tennessee Walker; COPF, Colombian Paso Fino; ANDA, Andalusian; SADB, American Saddlebred; BELG, Belgian Draft; QUAH, Quarter Horse; ARAB, Arabian.
Note: K = 3 (denoted with asterisk) was deemed the best result based on ΔK evaluation (insert).
Fig 5.
Barplot of K = 11 STRUCTURE result for Theodore Roosevelt National Park horses and nine domestic breeds according to the following abbreviations: CAND, THBD, TNWH, COPF, ANDA, SADB, BELG, QUAH, and ARAB (Abbreviations same as Fig 4).
Note: presented to demonstrate that at the highest possible resolution, park horses still form their own genetic cluster.