Fig 1.
Graphical representation electrode members of the Regions of Interest (ROIs).
Mid Frontal (red, 4 electrodes): F1, F2, Fz, AFz. Mid Central (green, 6 electrodes): C1, C2, Cz, FC1, FC2, FCz. Mid Parietal (blue, 6 electrodes): P1, P2, Pz, CP1, CP2, CPz.
Fig 2.
Grand average difference waveforms in the Mid Central ROI of the oddball mismatch MMN and corresponding peak topographic maps.
The mean difference response for the younger adult (blue) and older adult (orange) groups are plotted. Dashed colored lines indicate the mean group latency from individually scored MMN peak latencies. Scalp topography maps show voltage distributions at mean group peak latencies.
Table 1.
Means and standard errors of the mean of MMN peak amplitudes and latencies for the oddball mismatch.
Fig 3.
Grand average waveforms at Mid Central ROI to the familiar and unfamiliar novels and corresponding peak topographic maps within the oddball mismatch.
The mean responses to the familiar novel (FN) for younger adults (blue) and older adults (green), and the unfamiliar novel (UFN) for younger adults (orange) and older adults (red) groups are plotted. Dashed colored lines indicate the mean group latency from individually scored P300 peak latencies. Scalp topography maps show voltage distributions at mean group peak latencies.
Table 2.
Means and standard errors of the mean of P300 peak amplitudes and latencies in response to novel stimuli in the oddball mismatch.
Fig 4.
The amplitude Group x Condition x ROI interaction to the P300 response within the oddball mismatch.
The mean values of each combination of group, condition, and ROI are plotted. Younger adults are represented with red circles, and older adults with blue triangles. Error bars represent ±0.5 SEM.
Fig 5.
Grand average difference waveforms in the Mid Frontal ROI of the pattern violation mismatch MMN to the first and second deviants and corresponding peak topographic maps.
The mean difference response to the first and second deviants for the younger adult and older adult groups are plotted. Young adult first deviant (blue), younger adult second deviant (orange), older adult first deviant (green), and older adult second deviant (red). Dashed colored lines indicate the mean group latency from individually scored MMN peak latencies. Scalp topography maps show voltage distributions at mean group peak latencies.
Table 3.
Means and standard errors of the mean of MMN peak amplitudes and latencies for pattern violation mismatches.
Table 4.
Means and standard errors of the mean of MMN peak amplitudes and latencies for pattern violation mismatches.
Fig 6.
Grand average waveforms to a list of Common First Names, the Subject’s Own Name, and a list of Non-salient Other Words and their corresponding peak topographic maps within the Subject’s Own Name paradigm.
A: The younger adult group’s average responses in the Mid Parietal ROI to the Common First Names (blue), Subject’s Own Name (orange), and the list of Non-salient Other Words (green) are plotted. B: The older adult group’s average responses in the Mid Frontal ROI to the Common First Names (blue), Subject’s Own Name (orange), and the list of Non-salient Other Words (green) are plotted.
Table 5.
Means and standard errors of the mean of P300 peak amplitudes and latencies for the Subjects Own Name paradigm.
Fig 7.
Grand average waveforms to Congruent, Incongruent, Low Probability, and Phonological Foil terminal words and their corresponding peak topographic maps within the semantic violation sentences paradigm.
A: The younger adult group’s average responses in the Mid Central ROI to the list of Congruent (blue), Low Probability (orange), Incongruent (green) and Phonological Foil (red) terminal words are plotted. B: The older adult group’s average responses in the Mid Parietal ROI to the list of Congruent (blue), Low Probability (orange), Incongruent (green) and Phonological Foil (red) terminal words are plotted. Dashed colored lines indicate the mean group latency from individually scored N400 peak latencies. Scalp topography maps show voltage distributions at mean group peak latencies.
Table 6.
Means and standard errors of the mean of N400 peak amplitudes and latencies for semantic violation sentences.
Fig 8.
The latency Group x Condition x ROI interaction to the N400 response for the semantic violation sentences paradigm.
The mean values of each combination of group, condition, and ROI are plotted. Younger adults are represented with red circles, and older adults with blue triangles. Error bars represent ±0.5 SEM.
Fig 9.
Grand average waveforms to Congruent, Incongruent, Nonword, and Pseudoword target words and their corresponding peak topographic maps within the word-word priming paradigm.
A: The younger adult group’s average responses in the Mid Central ROI to the list of Congruent (blue), Incongruent (orange), Nonword (green) and Pseudoword (red) target words are plotted. B: The older adult group’s average responses in the Mid Parietal ROI to the list of Congruent (blue), Incongruent (orange), Nonword (green) and Pseudoword (red) target words are plotted. Dashed colored lines indicate the mean group latency from individually scored N400 peak latencies. Scalp topography maps show voltage distributions at mean group peak latencies.
Table 7.
Means and standard errors of the mean of N400 peak amplitudes and latencies for word-word priming.
Fig 10.
The latency Group x Condition x ROI interaction to the N400 response for the word-word priming paradigm.
The mean values of each combination of group, condition, and ROI are plotted. Younger adults are represented with red circles, and older adults with blue triangles. Error bars represent ±0.5 SEM.
Fig 11.
Grand average waveforms at Cz to a list of Common First Names, the Subject’s Own Name, and a list of Non-salient Other Words and their corresponding peak topographic maps within the Subject’s Own Name paradigm with the behavioral manipulation.
A: The average responses to the Common First Names (blue), Subject’s Own Name (orange), and the list of Non-salient Other Words (green) in the Passive condition are plotted. B: The average responses to the Common First Names (blue), Subject’s Own Name (orange), and the list of Non-salient Other Words (green) in the Active condition are plotted. Dashed colored lines indicate the mean group latency from individually scored P300 peak latencies. Scalp topography maps show voltage distributions at mean group peak latencies.
Table 8.
Means and standard errors of the mean of P300 peak amplitudes and latencies for the active and passive versions of the Subjects Own Name paradigm.
Fig 12.
The amplitude Behavioural Condition x Task Condition x ROI interaction to the P3 response for the Subject’s Own Name paradigm.
The mean values of each combination of behavioural condition, task condition, and ROI are plotted. The passive task condition is represented with red circles, and the active task condition with blue triangles. Error bars represent ±0.5 SEM.
Fig 13.
Grand average waveforms at Cz to Congruent, Incongruent, Low Probability, and Phonological Foil terminal words and their corresponding peak topographic maps within the semantic violation sentences paradigm with the behavioral manipulation.
A: The average responses to the list of Congruent (blue), Low Probability (orange), Incongruent (green) and Phonological Foil (red) terminal words in the Passive condition are plotted. B: The average responses to the list of Congruent (blue), Low Probability (orange), Incongruent (green) and Phonological Foil (red) terminal words in the Active condition are plotted. Dashed colored lines indicate the mean group latency from individually scored N400 peak latencies. Scalp topography maps show voltage distributions at mean group peak latencies.
Table 9.
Means and standard errors of the mean of N400 peak amplitudes and latencies for the active and passive versions of semantic violation sentences.
Fig 14.
Grand average waveforms at Cz to Congruent, Incongruent, Nonword, and Pseudoword target words and their corresponding peak topographic maps within the word-word priming paradigm with the behavioral manipulation.
A: The average responses to the list of Congruent (blue), Incongruent (orange), Nonword (green) and Pseudoword (red) target words in the Passive condition are plotted. B: The average responses to the list of Congruent (blue), Incongruent (orange), Nonword (green) and Pseudoword (red) target words in the Active condition are plotted. Dashed colored lines indicate the mean group latency from individually scored N400 peak latencies. Scalp topography maps show voltage distributions at mean group peak latencies.
Table 10.
Means and standard errors of the mean of N400 peak amplitudes and latencies for the active and passive versions of word-word priming.
Table 11.
Counts of participants exhibiting the desired ERP response in each paradigm.