Fig 1.
LM analysis of the SMA strain of Saccharomyces pastorianus grown in YM and YPG media for 72 h.
(A) LM analysis (1000 X) of cells grown in YM media for 72 h. A distinct granular appearance of the cells is evident. (B) LM analysis (1000 X) of cells grown in YPG for 72 h. The cells were less granular and had distinct vacuolar structures.
Fig 2.
NanoSAM SEM and AES analysis of the SMA strain of Saccharomyces pastorianus grown in YM and YPG media for 24 h.
SEM micrograph of (A) YM 24 h cells and (C) YPG 24 h cells. The targets for elemental analysis are shown by the blue cross circles. Graphs of elemental analysis as the mean % relative atomic concentration and sputtering time from YM 24 h cells (B) and from YPG 24 h cells (D). Values from targets 1 and 2 were used for the YM and YPG cells.
Fig 3.
Post-Ar+ etching (36 mins) Hi-Res SEM analysis of the SMA strain of Saccharomyces pastorianus grown in YM and YPG media.
For the 24 h (A), 48 h (C) and 72 h (E) cultures grown in YM media, the network of bubbles became more complex as the fermentation progressed. The 24 h (B), 48 h (D) and 72 h (F) cultures grown in YPG media lacked a network of bubbles, but certain cells contained large holes left by vacuolar structures.
Fig 4.
TEM analysis of the SMA strain of Saccharomyces pastorianus grown in YM and YPG media.
Cultures grown for 24 h (A), 48 h (C) and 72 h (E) in YM media demonstrated the increase in number of bubbles and change in cell morphology that occurred as fermentation progressed. Cultures grown for 24 h (B), 48 h (D) and 72 h (F) in YPG media showed diminished bubble formation.
Fig 5.
TOF-SIMS depth profiling analysis of the SMA strain of Saccharomyces pastorianus grown in the fermentative glucose-containing YM media for 24 h, 48 h and 72 h.
The negative atomic ions C-, NH-, O-, OH-, P- and S- were monitored. The intensities were normalized at each sputtering time and are expressed as % relative intensity.
Fig 6.
TOF-SIMS depth profiling analysis of the SMA strain of Saccharomyces pastorianus grown in the non-fermentative glycerol-containing YPG media for 24 h, 48 h and 72 h.
The negative atomic ions C-, NH-, O-, OH-, P- and S- were monitored. The intensities were normalized at each sputtering time and are expressed as % relative amounts.
Fig 7.
CLSM analysis of the SMA strain of Saccharomyces pastorianus grown in YM and YPG media for 24 h, 48 h and 72 h.
3-OH oxylipin level increased from 24 h (A), 48 h (C) and 72 h (E) during growth in YM media. In YPG media, there also appeared to be more 3-OH oxylipins after 72 h (F) relative to 24 h (B) and 48 h (D).