Fig 1.
Lectotype of Periptychus carinidens (AMNH 3620).
Left partial dentary with dp4 in (A) occlusal view; (B) buccal view; (C) lingual view. Right partial dentary with dp5 in (D) buccal view; (E) lingual view; (F) occlusal view. Scale bar: 30mm.
Fig 2.
Hypodigm specimens of Periptychus carinidens.
Left dentary with dp2-5, m1-3 (AMNH 3637) in (A) occlusal view; (B) buccal view; (C) lingual view. Right dentary with dp2-5, m1 and a partially erupted m2 (AMNH 15937) in (D) buccal view; (E) lingual view; (F) occlusal view. Scale bar: 30mm.
Fig 3.
Skull of Periptychus carinidens (NMMNH P-19482).
(A) lateral view; (B) dorsal view, (C) ventral view. Abbreviations:; Fr, frontal; Ju, jugal; La, lacrimal; Mx, maxilla; Na, nasal; Pa, parietal; Pl, palatine; Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 30mm.
Fig 4.
Skull of Periptychus carinidens (NMMNH P-36631).
(A) ventral view, (B) dorsal view. Abbreviations: Bo, basioccipital; Bs, basisphenoid; Fr, frontal; Ju, jugal; mp, mastoid protuberance; Mx, maxilla; Pa, parietal; Occ, occipital; Sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 30mm.
Fig 5.
Braincase of Periptychus carinidens (NMMNH P-65619).
(A) dorsal view; (B) lateral (right) view; (C) ventral view; (D) posterior view. Abbreviations: fm, foramen magnum; pgp, glenoid process; ma, mastoid; mp, mastoid protuberance; nc, nuchal crest; oc, occipital condyle; pa, parietal; prz, posterior root of the zygomatic arch; sc, sagittal crest; sq, squamosal. Scale bar: 30mm.
Fig 6.
Partial left braincase of Periptychus carinidens (NMMNH P-30684).
(A) lateral view; (B) ventral view; (C) posterior view. Abbreviations: frtsa, foramen for the rami temporalis of the stapedial artery; gf, glenoid fossa; gp, glenoid process; mp, mastoid process; ocp, occipital condyle. Scale bar: 30mm.
Fig 7.
Basicranium of Periptychus carinidens (AMNH 3669) in dorsal view.
Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Bo, basioccipital, Bs, basisphenoid; cf, carotid foramen; eam, external acoustic meatus; Eo, exoccipital; es, Eustachian sulcus; fo, foramen ovale; Gf, Glaserian fissure; hf, hypoglossal foramen; js, jugular sulcus; mp, mastoid process; pe, petrosal; pf, pyriform fenestra; pgf, postglenoid foramen; pgp, postglenoid process; poac, posterior opening of the alisphenoid canal; pt, pterygoid; Sq, squamosal; tyal, tympanic process of the alisphenoid; tyh, tympanohyal; ?, denotes uncertainty of label. Scale bar: 30mm.
Fig 8.
Auditory region of Periptychus carinidens (AMNH 3669).
(A) The right auditory region of AMNH 3669 with a cut out to annotate finer anatomical details. Major anatomical boundaries are lined. (B) The left auditory region of AMNH 3669. Abbreviations: Al, alisphenoid; Bo, basioccipital, Bs, basisphenoid; c, commissure, cp, crista parotica; eam, external acoustic meatus; egls, entoglenoid process of the squamosal; Eo, exoccipital; er, epitympanic recess; fc, fenestra cochlearis; fi, fossa incudis; fl, foramen lacerum; fv, fenestra vestibuli; gf, glenoid fossa; Glf, Glaserian fissure; hf, hypoglossal foramen; lact, lateral articulation for the anterior crus of the ectotympanic; mctp, medial posterior tympanic process; m(P) mastoid bone of the petrosal; mp, mastoid process; pc, preotic crest; pge, postglenoid eminence; pgf, postglenoid foramen; pgp, postglenoid process; ppe, paroccipital process of the exoccipital; ppts, postpromontorial tympanic sinus, pr, promontorium; ptp, post-tympanic process of the squamosal; sf, sulcus facialis; smn, stylomastoid notch; Sq, squamosal; ssa, sulcus for the stapedial artery; tyal, tympanic process of the alisphenoid; tyh, tympanohyal; *, denotes damage; ?, uncertainty of label. Scale bar: 10mm.
Fig 9.
Left dentary of Periptychus carinidens (AMNH 16995).
(A) lateral view; (B) medial view. Scale bar: 30mm.
Fig 10.
Annotated line drawing of the left dentary of Periptychus carinidens.
(A) lateral view; (B) medial view. Abbreviations: agp, angular process; cc, coronoid crest; cdp, condyloid process; cop, coronoid process; maf, masseteric fossa; mdf, mandibular foramen; mf, mandibular foramina; mn, mandibular notch; ms, mandibular symphysis. Scale bar: 30mm.
Fig 11.
Tooth nomenclature for Periptychus carinidens.
(A) upper premolar–P4 of NMMNH P-36631; (B) upper molar–M2 of NMMNH P-36631, (C) lower premolar—p4 of NMMNH P-36631; (D) lower molar—P4 of NMMNH P-19363. Abbreviations: end, entoconid; hy, hypocone; hyld, hypoconulid; hys, hypostyle; me, metacone; med, metaconid; mtl, metaconule; od, obliconid; pa, paracone; pad, paraconid; pc, pericone/protostyle; pr, protocone; prd, protoconid; prl, paraconule. Tooth images serve to identify cusps and are not to exact scale.
Fig 12.
Anterior dentition of Periptychus carinidens (NMMNH P-36631) with right i1-3, c, p1 and left p1.
Ri1 (A-C) (A) mesial/buccal view; (B) distal/lingual view; (C) lateral view. Ri2 (D-E): (D) buccal view; (E) lingual view. Ri3 (F-G): (F) buccal view; (G) lingual view. Rc (H-I): (H) buccal view; (I) lingual view. Lp1 (J-K): (J) buccal view; (K) lingual view. Rp1 (L-M): (L) buccal view; (M) lingual view. Scale bar: 30mm.
Fig 13.
Lower dentition of Periptychus carinidens (NMMNH P-35194) with right p2-5, m1-3.
(A) occlusal view; (B) buccal view; (C) lingual view. Scale bar: 30mm.
Fig 14.
Upper dentition of Periptychus carinidens (NMMNH P-36631) with right I3, C, P1-5, M1-3 and left P1-5.
A-C, right I3, C, P1-5, M1-3. (A) occlusal view; (B) buccal view; (C) lingual view; D-F left P1-5: (D) occlusal view; (E) buccal view; (F) lingual view. Scale bar: 30mm.
Fig 15.
Lower deciduous dentition of Periptychus carinidens.
AMNH 3720, a left dentary with dp2, dp4-5 and a partially erupted m1 (A-C): (A) buccal view, (B) lingual view; (C) occlusal view. NMMNH P-2870, an isolated left dp5 (D-F): (D) occlusal view; (E) buccal view; (F) lingual view. NMMNH P-44327, a partial right dentary with dp2-5 (G-I): (G) buccal view; (H) lingual view; (I) occlusal view. Scale bar: 30mm.
Fig 16.
Upper deciduous dentition of Periptychus carinidens (AMNH 3794).
(A) right dP2-5, M-2 in occlusal view; (B) left dP4-5, M1 and a partially erupted M2 in occlusal view. Scale bar: 30mm.
Fig 17.
Lumbar vertebra of Periptychus carinidens (NMMNH P-47693).
(A) dorsal view; (B) anterior view; (C) posterior view. Scale bar: 30mm.
Fig 18.
Caudal vertebrae of Periptychus carinidens (NMMNH P-47693).
(A) dorsal view; (B) ventral view. Scale bar: 30mm.
Fig 19.
Right scapula of Periptychus carinidens (NMMNH P-47693).
(A) lateral view; (B) medial view; (C) posterior view; (D) distal view. Scale bar: 30mm.
Fig 20.
Annotated line drawing of the right scapula of Periptychus carinidens (NMMNH P-47693).
(A) lateral view; (B) medial view; (C) posterior view; (D) distal view. Abbreviations: cp, coracoid process; ftcl, fossa for the origin of the caput longum of the triceps; ftmn, fossa for the origin of the teres minor; gc, glenoid cavity; if, infraspinatus fossa; scn, scapular notch; sf, supraspinatus fossa; sgt, supraglenoid tubercle; ssp, scapular spine (damaged). Scale bar: 30mm.
Fig 21.
Right humerus of Periptychus carinidens (NMMNH P-47693).
(A) anterior view; (B) lateral view; (C) posterior view; (D) medial view; (E) proximal view, (F) distal view. Scale bar: 30mm.
Fig 22.
Left humerus of Periptychus carinidens (NMMNH P-47693).
(A) anterior view; (B) lateral view; (C) posterior view; (D) medial view; (E) distal view. Scale bar: 30mm.
Fig 23.
Annotated line drawing of the right humerus of Periptychus carinidens.
(A) anterior view; (B) lateral view; (C) posterior view; (D) medial view; (E) proximal view; (F) distal view. Abbreviations: bg, bicipital groove; ca, capitulum; ctl, crest for insertion of the teres major and latissimus dorsi; def, dorsoepitrochelar fossa; dt, deltoid tuberosity; dpr, deltopectoral region; ec, epicondylar crest; ef, entepicondylar foramen; ftcl, fossa for the caput longum of the triceps brachii; fis, fossa for insertion of the infraspinatus; gt, greater tubercle; hh, humeral head; ht, humeral trochlea; le, lateral epicondyle; lt, lesser tubercle; me medial epicondyle; of, olecranon fossa; rf, radial fossa; secu, sulcus for the extensor carpi ulnaris; trl, tricipital line. Scale bar: 30mm.
Fig 24.
Ulnae of Periptychus carinidens.
A-D: Right ulna (NMMNH P-53998): (A) lateral view; (B) anterior view; (C) medial view; (D) posterior view. E-H: Left ulna (NMMNH P35194): (E) lateral view; (F) anterior view; (G) medial view; (H) posterior view. I-L: Right ulna (NMMNH P-47693): (I) lateral view; (J) anterior view; (K) medial view; (L) posterior view. Scale bar: 30mm.
Fig 25.
Annotated line drawing of the right ulna of Periptychus carinidens.
(A) lateral view; (B) anterior view; (C) medial view. Abbreviations abpf, abductor pollicis longus fossa; af, anconeal fossa; ap, anconeal process; bbrf, biceps and brachialis fossa; cop, coracoid process; ffl, flexor fossa; ioc, interosseous crest; ol, olecranon; olt, olecranon tuber; pc, pronator quadratus + teres crest; rdn, radial notch; sp, styloid process; trn, trochlear notch. Scale bar: 30mm.
Fig 26.
Left distal ulna of Periptychus carinidens (USNM 15376).
(A) anterior view; (B) posterior view. (specimen has been coated in ammonium chloride prior to photographing). Scale bar: 30mm.
Fig 27.
Right radius of Periptychus carinidens (NMMNH P-47693).
(A) anterior view; (B) lateral view; (C) posterior view; (D) medial view; (E) proximal view, (F) distal view. Scale bar: 30mm.
Fig 28.
Annotated line drawing of the right radius of Periptychus carinidens.
(A) anterior view; (B) lateral view; (C) posterior view; (D) medial view. Abbreviations: bt, bicipital tuberosity; ce, capitular eminence; fapl, fossa for the abductor pollicis longus; lf, lunate facet; secr, sulcus for the extensor carpi radialis; sedc, sulcus for the extensor digitorum communis; sf, scaphoid facet; st, styloid process; uf, ulnar facet. Scale bar: 30mm.
Fig 29.
Right manus of Periptychus carinidens (AMNH 17075) in dorsal view.
Abbreviations: c, centrale; ln, lunate, mg, magnum, ps, pisiform, sc, scaphoid, tm, trapezium; I-V refer to digit number; * denotes reconstructed elements. Scale bar: 30mm. Note that this specimen is reconstructed and mounted on a resin base. Photographs of the individual bones are illustrated and photographed in [5].
Fig 30.
Pisiform of Periptychus carinidens (NMMNH P-47693).
(A) dorsal view; (B) plantar view. Scale bar: 30mm.
Fig 31.
Two intermediate phalanges of Periptychus carinidens (NMMNH P-47693).
A-B: third intermediate phalange in (A) dorsal view; (B) plantar view. C-D: second intermediate phalange in (C) dorsal view; (D) plantar view. Scale bar: 30mm.
Fig 32.
Innominate of Periptychus carinidens (NMMNH P-44917).
(A) lateral view; (B) dorsal view; (C) medial view; (D) ventral view. Scale bar: 30mm.
Fig 33.
Annotated line drawing of the innominate of Periptychus carinidens.
(A) lateral view; (B) dorsal view; (C) medial view; (D) ventral view. Abbreviations: ac, acetabular crest; adis, anterodorsal iliac spine; af, acetabular fossa; avis, anteroventral iliac spine; bil, body of the ilium; gf, gluteal fossa; gsn, greater ischiatic notch; if, iliacus fossa; ie, iliopubic eminence; ipe, iliopectineal eminence; ls, lunate surface; wil, wing of the ilium. Scale bar: 30mm.
Fig 34.
Right femur of Periptychus carinidens (NMMNH P-19430).
(A) anterior view; (B) medial view; (C) posterior view; (D) lateral view; (E) proximal view, (F) distal view. Scale bar: 30mm.
Fig 35.
Annotated line drawing of the right femur of Periptychus carinidens.
(A) anterior view; (B) medial view; (C) posterior view; (D) lateral view; (E) proximal view; (F) distal view. Abbreviations: edlm, fossa for the attachment of the extensor digitorum longus muscle; fc, fovea capitis; fgi, fossa for the gastrocnemius internus; fh, femoral head ft, femoral trochlea; gt, greater trochanter; lc lateral condyle; le, lateral epicondyle; if, intercondylar fossa; lftl, fossa for attachment of the lateral femorotibial ligament; lt, lesser trochanter; ltc, lateral trochlear crest; itc, intertrochanteric crest; itf, trochanteric fossa; mc, medial condyle; me, medial epicondyle; mftl, fossa for attachment of the medial femorotibial ligament; mtc, medial trochlear crest; pm, fossa for the attachment of the popliteus muscle, sls, semi-lunar surface; tt, third trochanter. Scale bars: 30mm.
Fig 36.
Patella of Periptychus carinidens (NMMNH P-19430).
(A) anterior view; (B) posterior view. Scale bar: 30mm.
Fig 37.
Right tibia of Periptychus carinidens (NMMNH P-47693).
(A) anterior view; (B) medial view; (C) posterior view; (D) lateral view; (E) proximal view, (F) distal view. Scale bar: 30mm.
Fig 38.
Annotated line drawing of the right tibia of Periptychus carinidens.
(A) anterior view; (B) medial view; (C) posterior view; (D) lateral view; (E) proximal view; (F) distal view. Abbreviations: ctfl, crest for the tibiofibular ligament; ic, intercondyloid eminence; lasf, lateral astragalar facet; lc, lateral condyle, masf, medial astragalar facet; mc, medial condyle; mml, medial malleolus; pff, proximal fibular facet; poc, popliteus crest; potf; posterior tibial fossa; pxtf, proximal tibial fossa; tc, tibial crest; tt, tibial tuberosity; ttc, tuberosity of the tibial crest. Scale bar: 30mm.
Fig 39.
Left fibula of Periptychus carinidens (NMMNH P-47693).
(A) anterior view; (B) medial view; (C) posterior view; (D) lateral view; (E) proximal view, (F) distal view. Scale bar: 30mm.
Fig 40.
Annotated line drawing of the left fibula of Periptychus carinidens.
(A) anterior view; (B) medial view; (C) posterior view; D, lateral view; (E) proximal view; (F) distal view. Abbreviations: af, astragalar facet, dtf, distal tibial facet; et, extensor digitorum longus tubercle ffhl, fossa for the flexor hallucis longus; ioc, interosseous crest; lm, lateral malleolus; tcy, tubercle for attachment of the cyamella ligament; ptf, proximal tibial facet. Scale bar: 30mm.
Fig 41.
Left pes of Periptychus carinidens (AMNH 17075) in dorsal view.
Abbreviations: as, astragalus; ca, calcaneum; cu, cuboid, ec, ectocuneiform; en, entocuneiform; m, mesocuneiform; n, navicular; t, tibiale; I-V refer to digit number; * denotes reconstructed elements. Scale bar: 30mm. Note that this specimen is reconstructed and mounted on a resin base. Photographs of the individual bones are illustrated and photographed in [5].
Fig 42.
Left astragalus of Periptychus carinidens (NMMNH P-47693).
(A) dorsal view; (B) plantar view; (C) anterior view; (D) posterior view; (E) medial view, (F) lateral view. Scale bar: 30mm.
Fig 43.
Annotated line drawing of the left astragalus of Periptychus carinidens.
(A) dorsal view; (B) plantar view; (C) anterior view; (D) posterior view; (E) medial view, (F) lateral view. Abbreviations: ab, astragalar body; ah, astragalar head; an, astragalar neck; cuf, cuboid facet; dfac, dorsal foramen of the astragalar canal; ef, ectal facet; fafl, fossa for the astragalofibular ligament; fif, fibular facet; gatl, groove for the astragalotibial ligament; ltf, lateral tibial facet; mtf, medial tibial facet; naf, navicular facet; sacf, supplementary astragolocalcaneal facet; sf, sustentacular facet; tf, tibiale facet; vfac?, ventral foramen of the astragalar canal (opening not discernible). Scale bar: 30mm.
Fig 44.
Left calcaneum of Periptychus carinidens (NMMNH P-48429).
(A) dorsal view; (B) lateral view; (C) plantar view; (D) medial view; (E) distal view, (F) anterior view. Scale bar: 30mm.
Fig 45.
Annotated line drawing of the left calcaneum of Periptychus carinidens.
(A) dorsal view; (B) lateral view; (C) plantar view; (D) medial view; (E) distal view, (F) anterior view. Abbreviations: cf, cuboid facet; ef, ectal facet; fif, fibular facet; gfhl, groove for the flexor hallucis longus tendon, pp, peroneal process; pt, plantar tubercle; sf, sustentacular facet; su, sustentaculum; tc, tuber calcanei. Scale bars: 30mm.
Fig 46.
Tarsal elements of Periptychus carinidens (AMNH 3636).
A-D: left cuboid: (A) dorsal view; (B) plantar view; (C) proximal view; (D) distal view. E-H: left navicular: (E) dorsal view; (F) plantar view; (G) proximal view; (H) distal view. I-L: left ectocuneiform: (I) medial view; (J) lateral view; (K) proximal view; (L) distal view. Scale bar: 30mm.
Fig 47.
Skeletal reconstruction of Periptychus carinidens.