Fig 1.
Sequence of the Pasta Box Task (A) and Cup Transfer Task (B). During the Pasta Box Task, the participant moved the box of pasta from a lower side table to two shelves of different heights in front of them (Movements 1 and 2) and back again to the start position (Movement 3). Tasks were completed using three distinct movements, with standardized placement positions, including returning the hand to a standard “home” position at the end of each movement. During the Cup Transfer Task, the participant moved two compliant cups filled with therapeutic beads over a partition to a target location using a top grasp for the first cup and a side grasp for the second cup (Movements 1 and 2). These movements were followed by a return of the hand to the “home” position, and then by moving the cups back to their initial positions using respective types of grasps (Movements 3 and 4).
Table 1.
Segmentation and phase definitions.
Table 2.
Pasta Box Task kinematic measures.
Table 3.
Cup Transfer Task kinematic measures.
Table 4.
Pasta Box Task statistical analysis results.
Table 5.
Cup Transfer Task statistical analysis results.
Fig 2.
Pasta Box Task hand trajectory.
Hand trajectories for the Pasta Box Task. The group average hand trajectory is plotted as a dark line, and the standard deviation of participant means as three-dimensional shading. Movement 1 (A), Movement 2 (B), and Movement 3 (C) are segmented into reach (red), grasp (orange), transport (blue), and release (green) phases. The maximum of the mean three-dimensional standard deviation was calculated for reach-grasp and transport-release segments in each movement to quantify variability, reported in Table 2.
Fig 3.
Cup Transfer Task hand trajectory.
Hand trajectories for the Cup Transfer Task. The group average hand trajectory is plotted as a dark line, and the standard deviation of participant means as three-dimensional shading. Movement 1 (A), Movement 2 (B), Movement 3 (C), and Movement 4 (D) are segmented into reach (red), grasp (orange), transport (blue), and release (green) phases. The maximum of the mean three-dimensional standard deviation was calculated for reach-grasp and transport-release segments for each movement to quantify variability, reported in Table 3.
Fig 4.
Hand velocity graphs for Pasta Box Task (A) and Cup Transfer Task (B). The solid line represents the group average, and grey shading the standard deviation of participant means. The task is segmented into reach (red), grasp (orange), transport (blue), and release (green) phases for each movement, with light grey representing the return to “home” phase. Kinematics of the reach-grasp segment and the transport-release segment were analyzed together.
Fig 5.
Grip aperture graphs for Pasta Box Task (A) and Cup Transfer Task (B). The solid line represents the group average, and grey shading represents the standard deviation of participant means. The task is segmented into reach (red), grasp (orange), transport (blue), and release (green) phases for each movement, with light grey representing the return to “home” phase. Kinematics of the reach-grasp segment and the transport-release segment were analyzed together.
Table 6.
Pasta Box Task repeatability.
Table 7.
Cup Transfer Task repeatability.