Fig 1.
Ensete ventricosum plant (left) and cross-section of enset pseudo stem (right).
Fig 2.
Enset fiber bundle (A), longitudinal view of stalk (B) and cross sectional view of stalk (C).
Fig 3.
Structural features of enset fiber bundles and pseudo stem.
(A) SEM longitudinal observation of various fiber bundles, scale bar 200 μm (B) SEM observation of the cross section of fiber bundles, scale bar 100 μm (C) optical microscopy observation of a thin cross section of one fiber bundle, scale bar 100 μm (D) SEM observation of a longitudinal cut of one fiber bundle; scale bar 50 μm (E) optical microscopy observation of dissociated fibers from one fiber bundle, scale bar 200 μm (F) SEM observation of a cross-section of the pseudo stem; scale bar 400 μm (G) optical microscopy observation of dissociated cells of the pseudo stem, showing starch granules scale bar 50 μm.
Table 1.
Summative chemical composition (mass % o.d. material) and monosaccharide composition (molar % of total monosaccharaides) of the enset fibers and stalks (stalk main and stalk fines).
Table 2.
Elemental composition of the mineral component of the enset fibers and inflorescence stalk (stalk main and stalk fines).
Fig 4.
Pyrograms of the Enset ventricosum fiber bundles and inflorescence stalk (main fraction and fines).
1–2-oxo-propanal; 4 –hydroxyacetaldehyde; 6 –acetic acid; 7–1-hydroxy-propan-2-one; 11–3-hydroxypropanal; 14 –CH3-CO-CHOH-CHO; 15 –CHO-CH2-CH2-CHO; 16 –furfural; 17–2-cyclopenten-1-one; 21–2-hydroxy-2-cyclopenten-1-one; 22 –dihydro-methyl furanone isomer; 27 – 5H-furan-2-one; 28–4-hydroxy-5,6-dihydro-(2H)-pyran-2-one; 29–3-methyl-furan-2,5-dione; 31–2-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one; 33–2-hydroxy-1-methyl-1-cyclopentene-3-one; 36 –sugar derivative; 39–5-hydroxymethyldihydrofuran-2-one; 42 –sugar derivative; 47 –sugar derivative; 51–2,3-dihydrobenzofuran; 52–4-vinylguaiacol; 54 –similar to 4-allylphenol; 59–2-hydroxymethyl-5-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-(4H)-pyran-4-one; 60 –methylindole; 67–4-vinylsyringol; 68–4-allylsyringol; 72–1,6-anhydro-β-D-glucopyranose; 73 –trans-4-propenylsyringol; 75 –Not identified; 81 –trans-sinapaldehyde.
Table 3.
Peak identification, retention time, origin (C-carbohydrate, S-syringyl, G-guaiacyl, H-hydroxyphenyl, NPS-undetermined phenolic, P-protein) and quantification (% of total area of the chromatogram) of the pyrolysis products from Ensete ventricosum fiber bundle and inflorescence stalk (stalk main and stalk fines).
Table 4.
Composition (% of total peak area) of TMS-derivatized dichloromethane extracts from Ensete ventricosum fibers and inflorescence stalk (stalk main and stalk fines).
Table 5.
Ethanol-water extraction yield, total phenolics, tannins, flavonoids and monosaccharides contents, and antioxidant activity of Ensete ventricosum fiber and inflorescence stalk (stalk main and stalk fibers).
Fig 5.
FTIR/ATR spectra of enset fiber bundles and enset inflorescence stalk.
Fig 6.
Graphical comparison of enset fiber bundle and inflorescence stalk chemical composition with other biomass sources.