Fig 1.
Patient disposition according to the STARD (Standard reporting in Diagnostic accuracy studies) flowchart.
Abbreviations used: RASS: rapid atrial swirl sign.
Fig 2.
Demonstration of the “rapid atrial swirl sign” (RASS).
(A) Anatomic structures from a subcostal view. LA, left atrium; LIV, liver; LV, left ventricle; RA, right atrium; RASS, rapid atrial swirl sign; RV, right ventricle. (B) Complete opacification of the right atrium after rapid injection of 10 mL of normal saline through the distal hub of the catheter.
Table 1.
Description of the study cohorts.
Fig 3.
(A) Definition of zones of catheter tip placement on conventional chest radiographs. (B) Relative distribution of the number of placed catheters according to zones A, B, C or D in the reference (white) and test cohort (black).
Fig 4.
Bland-Altman plot of agreement for catheter tip position assessment between two raters in chest radiographs.
Abbreviations used: LOA: limit of agreement.
Table 2.
Test results of the study cohorts.
Table 3.
Test characteristics of the “rapid atrial swirl sign” in the test cohort.
Fig 5.
Time needed for transthoracic echocardiography and chest radiography in the reference and test cohorts.
#p = 0.4666 ##p = 0.5162 ***p = 0.002 ****p<0.0001 Abbreviations used: CXR: chest radiography, TTE: transthoracic echocardiography.
Table 4.
Composition of the different groups of residents and overall test characteristics.
Fig 6.
Number and duration of examinations performed at the resident level.
The Boxplot shows the distribution and sample sizes of duration of echocardiography measurements in minutes for all 20 sonographers. On the x-axis, sonographers are grouped according to experience (PGY 1/2, 3/4 and 5/6). The boxes show median values and 25% and 75% quantiles with minimum and maximum as whiskers. Additional black dots represent the original data.