Fig 1.
Flow and selection of preclinical studies.
Fig 2.
Flow and selection of clinical studies.
Table 1.
Preclinical study characteristics.
Table 2.
Clinical study characteristics.
Table 3.
Preclinical risk of bias assessment.
Fig 3.
Forest plot of preclinical studies investigating the effect of probiotics on anxiety-like behavior.
SMD = Standardized mean difference; CI = Confidence interval. An aggregate SMD is displayed for each experimental group. Measure-specific SMDs can be viewed in S1 Fig.
Fig 4.
Funnel plot of preclinical standardized mean differences.
Table 4.
Clinical risk of bias assessment.
Fig 5.
Forest plot of clinical studies investigating the effect of probiotics on anxiety-like behavior.
SMD = Standardized mean difference; CI = Confidence interval; STAI = State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; BAI = Beck Anxiety Inventory; VSI = Visceral Sensitivity Index; HADS = Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; HSCL-90 = Hopkins Symptom Checklist-90; DASS = Depression Anxiety Stress Scales; HAM-A = Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale.
Fig 6.
Funnel plot of clinical standardized mean differences.