Fig 1.
Typical pedal force course of the left leg during two pedalling cycles.
Fig 2.
Phases of pedalling motion(own illustration based on Bini & Rossato [1]).
Table 1.
Summary of subjects’ anthropomtric data and workout volume.
Fig 3.
Terrain of the test scenario devided into 13 sections.
Fig 4.
Sinusoidal curve of the z-normalised force(left) and associated phase plot (right)—Transcription into the phasespace was done according to Takens’ theorem (τ = 0.25 cycles).
Fig 5.
LR was calculated as length of the vector between origin and the center of Levenberg-Marquardt-Circle.
Table 2.
Overall results of the SHIFT condtion: Arithmetic mean and standard deviation (SD).
Table 3.
Overall results of the NO SHIFT conditon: Arithmetic mean and standard deviation (SD).
Fig 6.
Each box represents within-subject average HR values across all subjects within the same sector. The eight boxes for each plot represent the data from the sectors 4 to 11. The x-axes show the simualted terrain inclinations for each sector.
Fig 7.
Each box represents RevTimeCV values across all subjects within the same sector. The eight boxes for each plot represent the data from the sectors 4 to 11. The x-axes show the terrain inclinations for each sector.
Fig 8.
Boxplots of phase-space variables LR, Mc, and ML1.
Each box represents the specific non-linear measure across all subjects within the same sector. The eight boxes for each plot represent the data from the sectors 4 to 11. The x-axes show the terrain inclinations for each sector.
Table 4.
Summary of the contrast analysis results depending on the gradient pattern.
Fig 9.
Schematic representation of one pedalling cycle divided into four quadrants.
The figure on the right demonstrates qualitive differences in tangential pedal force development over the course of one pedalling cycle depending on terrain inclination. The figure on the left defines the four quadrants of one cycle.