Table 1.
Honey collection data and laboratory where glyphosate was analyzed by ELISA.
Fig 1.
Distribution of 1 Km radius circular zones (yellow) around hives on island of Kauaʽi.
Meta-circles of grouped circular zones are shaded in grey and numbered (N = 8). Moku divisions are indicated by white lines and each Moku is named.
Table 2.
Land use NOAA C-CAP classification descriptions.
Fig 2.
Circular zone around a central hive, drawn with 1 Km radius.
Polygons represent different land uses categories. Site #16 provided as an illustration.
Table 3.
Glyphosate concentration and percent of land use (by category) within the circular zones surrounding the hives.
Table 4.
Concentration and percentage of glyphosate detected in store-bought honey.
Samples originated from three Hawaiian islands and international blends. Samples categorized as Organic or Non-Organic.
Table 5.
Glyphosate concentration by side of island and the six Moku.
All 59 sample values used. Napali Moku had no samples (“ns”).
Fig 3.
Glyphosate concentrations across samples by side of island and within each Moku.
Mean glyphosate (ppb) is shown by the horizontal line for each Moku. Side of the island and Moku names are listed at the top of the plot. Samples from the western Moku are shown as orange triangles and eastern Moku as blue circles.
Table 6.
Prevalence and concentration of glyphosate in Kauai honey from store-bought samples.
Table 7.
Correlation of glyphosate concentration (ppb) in honey samples and the percent land use.
Fig 4.
Glyphosate concentration versus the percent land use in agriculture (N = 23).
Samples from the western Moku are shown as orange triangles and eastern Moku as blue circles. Exponential fit is Y = 12.6 e12.8X, R2 = 0.594.
Table 8.
Meta-circle composition, mean glyphosate concentration, and percent prevalence.
Meta-circle # corresponds to Fig 1.
Fig 5.
Glyphosate concentrations across samples within each meta-circle.
Mean glyphosate (ppb) is shown by the horizontal line for each meta-circle. Meta-circle names are listed at the top of the plot. Samples from the western Moku are shown as orange and eastern Moku as blue. Samples with glyphosate > LOQ are shown as triangles, while those < LOQ are as circles.
Table 9.
(A) 8 samples with highest % area Golf; (B) 6 samples with highest Km highway present.