Fig 1.
Spatiotemporal parameters per age-group for eight UL tasks (reaching, left; reach to-grasp, middle; ADL-mimicking, right): (A) peak velocity, (B) trajectory straightness, (C) movement duration, and (D) time to peak velocity.
Data is shown as mean (standard deviation), except for trajectory straightness (median (first and third quartile)) RF, reaching forward; RU, reaching upwards; RS, reaching sideways; RGS, reach-to-grasp a sphere; RGV, reach-to-grasp a vertically oriented cylinder; HTH, hand-to-head; HTM, hand-to-mouth; HTS, hand-to-shoulder; y, years. Significant post-hoc differences (Bonferroni-Šidák correction α<0.0085) are shown as follows: Δ between 5-7y and 11-12y, § between 5-7y and 13-15y, and ¥ between 8-10y and 13-15y. Post-hoc analyses did not show significant differences for other between-group comparisons.
Table 1.
Descriptive and comparative statistics of the spatiotemporal parameters for the whole group and per age-group.
Fig 2.
Upper limb joint kinematics for elbow flexion-extension during (A) HTH and (B) HTS, (C) scapula pro-retraction during HTS, and (D) shoulder elevation plane during RU.
Top panels represent mean and standard deviation per age-group: 5-7y (orange), 8-10y (blue), 11-12y (green) and 13-15y (yellow). Bottom panels show the one-way ANOVA Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) output: solid black line represents the statistical curve (i.e. F-curve), red dotted line represents the statistical threshold calculated with random field theory. Significant clusters identified by SPM are shown in grey, i.e. the area where the statistical curve crosses the statistical threshold. The black bars below each graph represent the summarized SPM{t} output of the post-hoc analyses, including information regarding pair-wise comparison, cluster location, and p-values.