Fig 1.
Damage to SPAD chlorophyll content (averaged across years) presented as percent (±SE) of control plants at 7-, 10-, 14-day after heat treatment.
Bars representing mean values with same alphabets on the top are not significantly different (P<0.05) by Tukey's HSD test at a particular time of measurement.
Fig 2.
Damage to thylakoid membrane (averaged across years) presented as percent (±SE) of control plants at 7-, 10-, 14-day after heat treatment.
Bars representing mean values with same alphabets on the top are not significantly different (P<0.05) by Tukey's HSD test at a particular time of measurement.
Fig 3.
Cell membrane stability (averaged across years) presented as percent (±SE) of control plants at 7-, 10-, 14-day after heat treatment.
Plasmamembrane damage was estimated at 7 and 14 days after heat stress in year 1, while at 7 and 10 days after heat treatment in year 2. Bars representing mean values with same alphabets on the top are not significantly different (P<0.05) by Tukey's HSD test at a particular time of measurement.
Table 1.
Fixed effects ANOVA results for relative damage to SPAD chlorophyll content, FV/FM, cell membrane stability (CMS) due to temperature stress.
The average values of three sampling dates across years were used for ANOVA.
Fig 4.
Reduction in grain yield per spike due to high temperature stress presented as percent (±SE) of control plants.
Data combined across two years. Bars representing mean values with same alphabets on the top are not significantly different (P<0.05) by Tukey's HSD test.
Fig 5.
Reduction in individual grain weight due to high temperature stress presented as percent (±SE) of control plants.
Data combined across two years. Bars representing mean values with same alphabets on the top are not significantly different (P<0.05) by Tukey's HSD test.
Table 2.
Fixed effects ANOVA results for tiller number per plant, grain yield per spike, grains per spike, and individual grain weight.
The average values across years were used for ANOVA.
Fig 6.
Partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and 2D scores plot for the six wheat genotypes at mid grain filling under high temperature stress (H) and control condition (C).
Metabolites at control and heat treatments didn’t overlap in general, indicating an altered state of metabolite levels in the wheat leaves. Treatments are thereby demonstrating effect in the leaves of wheat plants across different genotypes.
Fig 7.
Hierarchical heat map is illustrating (distance measure: Pearson; Clustering algorithm: Ward) partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) showing levels of key metabolite.
Metabolite feature areas were normalized and range-scaled across all experimental samples in a sub-set of metabolites found.
Fig 8.
Diagram showing different classes of metabolites significantly accumulated under heat stress compare to controlled condition.
Table 3.
Fold change results for the top 12 metabolites showing the greatest increase or decrease in metabolite concentration in heat stressed plants compared to control plants.
Table 4.
Selected 12 metabolites and path way involved.
Table 5.
Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficients between metabolite concentration and kernel yield per pot, kernel yield per tiller, and average kernel weight across all temperature and genotype data.
The top six metabolites showing the greatest increase in metabolite concentration in heat stressed plants compared to control plants were selected for correlation.
Table 6.
Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficients between metabolite concentration and SPAD, Fv/Fm and cell membrane stability across all temperature and genotype data.
The top six metabolites showing the greatest increase in metabolite concentration in heat stressed plants compared to control plants were selected for correlation.
Table 7.
Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficients between metabolite concentration and kernel yield per pot, kernel yield per tiller, and average kernel weight across all temperature and genotype data.
The top six metabolites showing the greatest decrease in metabolite concentration in heat stressed plants compared to control plants were selected for correlation.
Table 8.
Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficients between metabolite concentration and SPAD and Fv/Fm across all temperature and genotype data.
The top six metabolites showing the greatest decrease in metabolite concentration in heat stressed plants compared to control plants were selected for correlation.