Fig 1.
CONSORT participant flow diagram.
Fig 2.
The study included 2 phases: An unblinded parallel-design training stage, and a double-blind crossover evaluation stage.
Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the per-protocol population.
Fig 3.
Improved experimental pain reporting accuracy.
* = P<0.05.
Fig 4.
The placebo response in the entire cohort, trained and untrained subjects—Primary outcome measure.
Change in placebo was calculated as difference between pain scores in the placebo arm (pre-minus post treatment). Black bars represent changes in pain in the entire cohort. White and Black bars represent changes in pain in the trained (n = 28) and untrained (n = 23) sub-cohorts, respectively. * = P<0.05; Error bars are Standard Error of the Mean (SEM).
Fig 5.
The placebo response in the entire cohort, trained and untrained subjects—Secondary outcome measures.
Change in placebo was calculated as difference between pain scores in the placebo arm (pre-minus post treatment). Black bars represent changes in pain in the entire cohort. White and Black bars represent changes in pain in the trained (n = 28) and untrained (n = 23) sub-cohorts, respectively. Error bars are Standard Error of the Mean (SEM).