Fig 1.
Energy consumption per capita and real GDP per capita (1953–2011) of China.
“SCE” stands for standard coal equivalent.
Table 1.
Selected literature and findings on energy-growth nexus in China.
Table 2.
Selected recent literatures and their findings on energy-growth nexus in various countries.
Table 3.
Unit root test results for the original time series.
Table 4.
Zivot and Andrews unit root test for original time series.
Table 5.
The bootstrapped Toda-Yamamoto causality test results.
Table 6.
Nonlinear causality test results.
Table 7.
Unit root test results for wavelet decomposed series.
Table 8.
Zivot and Andrews unit root test for decomposed series.
Table 9.
Bootstrapped Toda-Yamamoto causality test results for the decomposed time series.
Table 10.
Nonlinear causality test results for the decomposed time series.
Fig 2.
The causal relationship between energy consumption and economic output.
“EC” indicates energy consumption per capita. “GPC” indicates GDP per capita. “Original” indicates the results using original time series. “Wavelet” indicates that the original time series are decomposed by wavelet transform. “→” stands for “unidirectional Granger cause from left to right”, “←” stands for “unidirectional Granger cause from right to left”, “- - -” stands for “does not Grander cause” and “↔” stands for “bidirectional Granger relationship”.