Fig 1.
Average (± s.e.) hive weight and within-day weight changes for 8 honey bee hives kept near Madera, CA (the CAL 2014 dataset).
Data are shown from 7 March to 23 April 2014. A) raw data; B) within-day weight changes.
Fig 2.
Average (± s.e.) total hive weight and within-day weight changes for 3 honey bee hives kept near Green Valley, AZ (the SRER 2014 dataset).
Data are shown from 11 February to 2 April 2014. A) raw data; B) within-day weight changes.
Table 1.
Adult bee masses and capped brood areas (averages ± s.e.) for all sampling occasions of all datasets used in this study.
N refers to the number of hives in that treatment group remaining from the original hives on scales at the start of the experiment.
Fig 3.
Examples of two within-day weight change patterns obtained from average (± s.e.) 15-minute weight data from 8 hives kept near Madera, CA (see Fig 1) (the CAL 2014 dataset).
See text for details.
Table 2.
Comparison of piecewise regression model fits using different numbers of break points across different datasets.
Shown are average values ± s.e. 1st break point errors were considered initial break points that occurred before 4AM and last break point errors were considered final break points that occurred after 8PM.
Fig 4.
A sample day data subset (April 12, 2014, the same subset as Fig 3; from the CAL 2014 dataset) fit with piecewise regression models with different numbers of break points.
A) 3 break points (r2 = 0.9968); B) 4 break points (r2 = 0.9987); and C) 5 break points (r2 = 0.9993). Solid line show regression line, and labelled points a, b, c, d and e (solid squares) show break points 1–5 with a = 1st break point, b = 2nd break point, etc. Empty circles show within-day weight change data.
Fig 5.
Piecewise regression curves, with 4 break points fit to average within-day hive weight changes from 8 hives kept near Madera, CA (the CAL 2014 dataset).
A) Data from 8–18 March 2014 (little or no nectar flow); B) 11–21 April (citrus nectar flow within foraging distance).
Fig 6.
Examination of parameters from 4-break point piecewise regression models fit to average within-day hive weight changes for 8 honey bee hives kept near Madera, CA from 29 Jan. to 26 May 2014 (the CAL 2014 dataset).
A) 1st and 4th breakpoints for piecewise regression curves. In cases where the 1st breakpoint occurred before 4AM (i.e. before dawn) the 2nd breakpoint was used. Likewise, if the 4th breakpoint occurred after 8:00PM the 3rd breakpoint was used. Gray lines show local sunrise and sunset. B) 1st and 5th segment slopes for piecewise regression models fitted to average within-day hive weight changes for the same hives. Gray zone indicates a period of nectar flow. C) Rainfall and minimum and maximum temperature data.
Fig 7.
Examination of parameters from 4-break point piecewise regression models fit to average within-day hive weight changes for 3 honey bee hives kept near Green Valley, AZ, from 11 Feb. to 2 April 2014 (the SRER 2014 dataset).
A) 1st and 4th breakpoints for piecewise regression curves. In cases where the 1st breakpoint occurred before 4AM (i.e. before dawn) the 2nd breakpoint was used. Likewise, if the 4th breakpoint occurred after 8:00PM the 3rd breakpoint was used. B) 1st and 5th slopes for piecewise regression curves fitted to average within-day hive weight changes for those same hives. C) Rainfall and minimum and maximum temperature data.
Fig 8.
Average slope values of segments from piecewise regression curves fit to within-day weight change data, collected every 15 minutes, obtained from hives placed in proximity to forage (RR) and with little available forage (MAC) prior to exposure to blooming almonds followed by placement in unmanaged fields (the CAL 2015–16 dataset).
A) slope of the regression segment just prior to the dusk break point; B) slope of the regression segment just after the dawn break point.
Table 3.
Results of a repeated measures MANOVA conducted on parameters of piecewise regressions fit to continuous hive weight data collected during and after almond pollination in California.