Fig 1.
Map showing all sampled populations of S. frugiperda.
Origin of populations of corn- and rice-strain larvae of S. frugiperda. The map was constructed using the R package, with the libraries map, mapdata, and maptools.
Table 1.
Collection data of samples of S. frugiperda.
Fig 2.
Bar graph showing the frequencies of corn-and rice-strain individuals.
Frequency of corn- (CS, black) and rice- (RS, white) strains in field populations of S. frugiperda. Numbers into the bars indicate the amount of individuals evaluated in each locality.
Fig 3.
A) Number of loci associated either to the host plant where the individual was collected or to the individual strain; B) Number of loci under selection associated to individual host plant and strain; C) Frequency of alleles of 326 loci significantly associated to host plant; F_A1_rice and F_A2_rice are the frequencies of alleles A1 and A2 for each loci in the population sampled on rice, considering that the FAW is diploid and freqA1+freqA2 = 1; F_A1_corn and F_A2_corn are the frequencies of alleles A1 and A2 for each loci in the populations sampled on corn; D) Frequency of alleles of 216 loci significantly associated to individual strain; F_A1_rice and F_A2_rice are the frequencies of alleles A1 and A2 for each loci in the rice strain individuals; F_A1_corn and F_A2_corn are the frequencies of alleles A1 and A2 for each loci in the corn strain individuals.
Fig 4.
Topologies indicating relationships among individuals of S. frugiperda (FAW) based on A) neutral loci and B) loci under selection. Numbers on the branches indicate posterior probability values above 0.50. Corn-strain individuals are indicated in red letters, and rice-strain individuals in blue.
Table 2.
AMOVA.
Table 3.
Hierarchical AMOVA.
Table 4.
Pairwise Slatkin´s FST.
Fig 5.
Network of Brazilian populations of S. frugiperda (FAW) at k = 10 with minimum-spanning tree (MST), based on 7664 SNPs. A) Colors represent each population sampled in the field; B) Colors represent corn- (red) and rice- (blue) strains of FAW.
Fig 6.
DAPC scatterplots, with the individuals represented as dots and the groups as inertia ellipses. A) Relationships among individuals of S. frugiperda (FAW) collected from corn and rice fields; B) Relationships among individuals of FAW collected from corn. Each color represents a population; C) Optimal number of clusters for Brazilian populations of S. frugiperda identified using k-means in adegenet, including samples from corn and rice fields.