Fig 1.
Time course of body weight changes after exercise.
Values represent means ± standard deviation. S, Ex, and S × Ex denote the main effects of animal strain, exercise, and interaction between animal strain and exercise, respectively. These effects were significant at 28 days (p < 0.05).
Fig 2.
Insulin levels (A) and glucose levels (B) during OGTT, fasting plasma FFA levels (C), and TAG levels (D).
Time zero means fasting. Values represent means ± standard deviation. S, Ex, and S × Ex denote significant (p < 0.05) main effects of animal strain, exercise, and interaction between animal strain and exercise, respectively.
Fig 3.
Liver wet weight (A), representative liver sections stained with Sudan red (B), and liver TAG levels (C).
Bar = 100 μm. Values represent means ± standard deviation. S, Ex, and S × Ex denote significant (p < 0.05) main effects of animal strain, exercise, and interaction between animal strain and exercise, respectively.
Fig 4.
Epididymal adipose wet weight (A), representative epididymal adipose sections stained with Sudan red (B), and adipocyte diameter (C).
Bar = 100 μm. Values represent means ± standard deviation. S, Ex, and S × Ex denote significant (p < 0.05) main effects of animal strain, exercise, and interaction between animal strain and exercise, respectively.
Fig 5.
Muscle wet weight (A), representative sections of the soleus muscle stained with Sudan red (B) and staind for ATPase activity (C), muscle fiber type distribution (D), and muscle fiber cross-sectional area (E).
Arrow heads: ectopic lipid accumulation. Bar = 100 μm. Values represent means ± standard deviation., Ex, and S × Ex denote significant (p < 0.05) main effects of animal strain, exercise, and interaction between animal strain and exercise, respectively.
Fig 6.
Representative sections stained with alkaline phosphatase (A), C/F ratio (B), NOS activity (C), expression levels of VEGF mRNA (D) and TSP-1 (E) mRNA, and ratio of VEGF to TSP-1 mRNA expression level (F) in the soleus muscle.
Bar = 100 μm. For the expression levels of VEGF and TSP-1 mRNA, the values were calculated as fold changes relative to the LETO Cont group. Values represent means ± standard deviation. S, Ex, and S × Ex denote significant (p < 0.05) main effects of animal strain, exercise, and interaction between animal strain and exercise, respectively.
Table 1.
C/F ratio in body weight-matched OLETF and LETO rats.