Table 1.
Properties of heavy clay soil and biochars.
Fig 1.
Bulk density of the soil as function of BC dose, n = 3.
The soil is from the plough layer of a heavy clay in West Timor, Indonesia.
Fig 2.
Ksat and air capacity of heavy clay soil at various BC doses, for four and three replicates, respectively.
The numbers in brackets in the equations are the standard errors. The soil is from plough layer of heavy clay in West Timor, Indonesia.
Fig 3.
Water characteristic curves (pF) and pore size distribution of heavy clay soil amended with Eupatorium BC.
The pore radius correspond directly to the pressure head in the pF curve. The distribution of pores <0.1 μm, which constituted ~25% of the total soil volume is not shown because water held by these pores is not available to plants. The soil is from plough layer of heavy clay in West Timor, Indonesia.
Fig 4.
Total porosity, field capacity, permanent wilting point and available water capacity as a function of BC dose, n = 3.
The soil is from plough layer of heavy clay in West Timor, Indonesia.
Fig 5.
Maize yields from field plots amended with BC.
5 and 10 t ha-1 BC, corresponding to 2.5 and 5% BC, respectively. Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different, Error bars are the standard error, n = 6. Experiment was conducted in heavy clay in West Timor, Indonesia.