Fig 1.
Study area and topographic complexity of Atlantic Forest of coastal plains in the state of São Paulo in Southeastern Brazil.
Sampled ponds are represented by red circles (N = 37).
Fig 2.
Phylogenetic relationships of anuran species recorded in the coastal plains of the state of São Paulo in Southeastern Brazil, based on a phylogenetic hypothesis proposed by [36].
Families are indicated on right. Time divergences were estimated from [36] and BLADJ algorithm (see text for details).
Fig 3.
The moran eigenvector maps (MEMs) selected as the best model of spatial structure for functional beta diversity (FBD) of anuran species recorded in the coastal plains of the state of São Paulo in Southeastern Brazil.
Each square represents a single pond sampled in the study region. White squares denote negative scores whereas black squares denote positive scores; the size of each square corresponds to the magnitude of its value. The values of these scores are also represented in a graph below each map, where it is possible to identify similarity in the periodicity among MEMs. MEM 2 represents positive autocorrelation in broad scales while MEMs 9, 22 and 30 represents negative autocorrelation in fine spatial structures of FBD.
Fig 4.
The moran eigenvector maps (MEMs) selected as the best model of spatial structure for taxonomic beta diversity (TBD) of anuran species recorded in the coastal plains of the state of São Paulo in Southeastern Brazil.
Each square represents a single pond sampled in the study region. White squares denote negative scores whereas black squares denote positive scores; the size of each square corresponds to the magnitude of its value. The values of these scores are also represented in a graph below each map, where it is possible to identify similarity in the periodicity among MEMs. MEM 2 represents positive autocorrelation in broad scales while MEMs 9, 25, 29 and 34 represents negative autocorrelation in fine spatial structures of TBD.
Fig 5.
The moran eigenvector maps (MEMs) selected as the best model of spatial structure for phylogenetic beta diversity (PBD) of anuran species recorded in the coastal plains of the state of São Paulo in Southeastern Brazil.
Each square represents a single pond sampled in the study region. White squares denote negative scores whereas black squares denote positive scores; the size of each square corresponds to the magnitude of its value. The values of these scores are also represented in a graph below each map, where it is possible to identify similarity in the periodicity among MEMs. MEM 2 represents positive autocorrelation in broad scales while MEMs 7, 9, 10, 29 and 30 represents negative autocorrelation in fine spatial structures of PBD.
Table 1.
Best explanatory environmental and spatial models for taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional components of tadpole beta-diversity, selected by stepwise model selection based on R2adj (adjusted R squared) for environmental variables and spatial variables.
Fig 6.
Partitioning of variation in taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic beta diversity of anuran species recorded in the coastal plains of the state of São Paulo in Southeastern Brazil, resulting from distance-based partial redundancy analysis (db-RDA and R2adj).
The explained variation in the components of tadpole beta diversity was partitioned into shared and pure fractions of environmental, broad- and fine-scale spatial predictors. Fractions “a”, “b” and “c” represent pure effects of environment, broad-scale and fine-Scale predictors, respectively. Fractions “d” to “f” represent intersections or joint effects of different predictors. Residuals are the fraction not explained by any predictor included in the model. The upright box represents the notations to each set (i.e., fraction). The symbol “∩” represents “intersection”, “∪” represents “union”, and “|” represents “after controlling for”. Fractions with values lower than 0 are not shown in the diagram. Asterisks (*) denote significant fractions according to permutations tests (P < 0.05).