Fig 1.
Physiological analysis of pearl millet for drought.
A) Effects of drought on the physiology of pearl millet lines (ICMB 843 and ICMB 863). B) SPAD value of pearl millet lines under and drought conditions. Values are mean ± SE (n = 20) C) Relative water content of leaf under control and drought stress. Values are mean ± SE (n = 20).
Table 1.
Basic statistics for sequenced reads from transcriptome of pearl millet.
Fig 2.
Mapping of pearl millet reads to the foxtail millet genome and the rice genome.
X axis denotes the sample names under control and drought stress and Y axis denotes the percentage of mapped genes.
Fig 3.
DEG analysis in comparisons study.
A) Number of DEGs in all combinations with fold change >2 or <-2 and FDR-corrected pvalue <0.05) Blue and red bars indicate up- and down- regulated respectively. C: control and T and Treated: Drought- treated B) Venn diagram showing an up-regulated (right side) and down regulated (left side) genes in lines ICMB 843 and ICMB 863 under drought treated situation.
Fig 4.
Heat map showing the number of DEGs enriched in different KEGG pathways.
The bar scale shows the number of DEGs associated with pathways.
Fig 5.
DEGs involved in photosynthesis.
Genes up-regulated by drought stress are shown (25 genes in ICMB 843 and 4 in ICMB 863) in green boxes. White boxes indicate the non-drought-responsive genes. This image was generated using the online tool KEGG Mapper–Colour Pathway (http://www.genome.jp/kegg/tool/map_pathway3.html).
Fig 6.
DEGs involved in phytohormone and MAPK signaling pathway.
The proposed pathways show phytohormone biosynthesis (light orange) and MAPK signaling pathways (light blue). This figure shows only the genes that have been associated with the pathway from transcriptome analysis. Red boxes show plant hormones, blue boxes show the genes up-regulated stress, green arrow shows genes involved in drought tolerance through ubiquitin mediated proteolysis and red arrows shows the direct involvement in the drought tolerance. Light blue lines with a bar denotes inhibition and simple arrows denotes activation. -p indicates de phosphorylation process. Aux/IAA: auxin-responsive protein IAA; GH3: Auxin-responsive GH3 family protein; SAUR: SAUR-like auxin-responsive protein family; CRE: Histidine kinase 2/3/4 (cytokinin receptor); B-ARR: Two-component response regulator ARR-B family; GID1: Alpha/beta-Hydrolases superfamily protein; TF: Phytochrome interacting factor 3 (PIF3); PP2C: Protein phosphatase 2C; SnRK2: Serine/threonine-protein kinase SRK2; ABF: ABA responsive element binding factor; ETR: Ethylene receptor; EIN3: ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE3-like 3; JAZ: Jasmonate ZIM domain-containing protein; RTE1: Transmembrane protein 222; MKK9: Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 9; ChiB: Basic endochitinase B; MAP3K17/18: Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 17/18; MAPK1: Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1; MAPK6: Mitogen-activated protein kinase 6; CAT7: Catalase.
Fig 7.
Validation of RNA-Seq result with RT PCR.
Expression of 7 randomly selected genes was examined by RT- PCR analysis. For each gene, fold changes were calculated by ΔΔCt method in the RT-PCR and with the RPKM values in the RNA-Seq, respectively.
Table 2.
Annotations of the genes selected for RT-PCR.