Fig 1.
(A) A schematic drawing of the experimental setup. Forward and backward perturbations were induced by acceleration and deceleration of the treadmill’s belt. Left and right perturbations were induced by moving the treadmill surface in the ML-direction. Reflective markers were placed at specific anatomical locations in accordance with the plug-in-gait marker set. (B) MoS-AP was defined as the AP distance between the XCoM-AP and the anterior boundary of the BoS, defined by the leading toe marker (either RTOE or LTOE for the right and the left foot, respectively). MoS-ML was defined as the ML distance between the XCoM-ML and the lateral boundary of the BoS, defined by the ankle marker (RANKL and LANKL for the right and the left foot, respectively).
Table 1.
Results for spatiotemporal gait parameters and margins of stability during different walking conditions (mean and SD; n = 10).
Fig 2.
Difference of means, variability, and extremes of spatiotemporal gait parameters during perturbed walking conditions relative to normal walking.
Difference of means of (A) stride length, (B) step width, and (C) cadence. Difference of variability of (D) stride length, (E) step width, and (F) cadence. Difference of 10th percentile of (G) stride length, (H) step width, and (I) cadence. Difference of 90th percentile of (J) stride length, (K) step width, and (L) cadence. d indicates Cohen’s d statistic effect size. Error bars indicate confidence intervals. (*) indicates statistically significant differences from Normal walking.
Fig 3.
Difference of means, variability, and extremes of dynamic stability during perturbed walking conditions relative to normal walking.
Difference of means of (A) MoS-AP and (B) MoS-ML. difference of variability of (C) MoS-AP and (D) MoS-ML. difference of 10th percentile of (E) MoS-AP and (F) MoS-ML. difference of 90th percentile of (G) MoS-AP and (H) MoS-ML. d indicates Cohen’s d statistic effect size. Error bars indicate confidence intervals. (*) indicates statistically significant differences from Normal walking.