Fig 1.
Consort diagram showing the enrollment, randomization and follow-up of study participants.
Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study patients.
Fig 2.
Change in hemoglobin A1c, blood pressure and lipids during the study period.
There were no significant differences on improvement from baseline in A1c, systolic-blood-pressure, and LDL between group visits and standard care.
Fig 3.
Comparison of change in the components of SF-36v over time between pharmacist-led group visits and standard care.
Change from baseline in health status was not significantly different between participants in the group visits or the standard care arms.
Fig 4.
Change in healthcare costs during and after the study period between pharmacist-led group visits and standard care.
When compared to baseline, the change in VHA healthcare costs was similar between the study arms during the 13 months of study interventions. Comparison of change in VHA healthcare costs 13 months after the intervention period versus 13 months of the intervention period, significant reductions in the overall VHA health service costs were found for the group visit arm whereas a steady rise in cost was found for the standard care arm.
Table 2.
Change of VHA expenditure in healthcare costs of study patients.