Fig 1.
Shade house conditions for the Jewel orchids Anoectochilus sp. and L. discolor.
(a) The shade house was covered with layers of shade nets that reduced sunlight penetration down to 22.4%. (b) Photon flux density (PFD) recorded within the shade house every daylight hour.
Fig 2.
A mature Anoectochilus sp. plant.
Leaves of the plant displayed a dark green-black adaxial surface laced with golden veins, and a red abaxial layer. Bar = 1 cm.
Fig 3.
Leaves of the plant displayed a dark green adaxial surface laced with golden veins, and a red abaxial layer. Bar = 1 cm.
Fig 4.
A leaf cell from Anoectochilus sp.
The cell contained both chloroplasts (C) and anthocyanins (A; a). The contents of the cell fluoresced under both UV ray (b) and blue light (c). The strongest glow from the anthocyanins was obtained under green light (d). Bar = 10 μm.
Fig 5.
A leaf cell from Anoectochilus sp.
The cell contained only chloroplasts (C; a). The chloroplasts fluoresced under both UV ray (b) and blue light (c), with the strongest glow obtained from the latter. The weakest glow was obtained under green light (d). Bar = 10 μm.
Fig 6.
A leaf cross-section from Anoectochilus sp.
Each palisade mesophyll cell was accompanied by an anthocyanin-containing spherical cell (AC) located directly underneath the former (a). The chloroplasts (C) fluoresced under both UV ray (b) and blue light (c), with the strongest glow obtained from the latter. Anthocyanin-containing cells (AC) fluoresced the strongest under green light (d). AB = abaxial; AD = adaxial; CU = cuticle, SM = spongy mesophyll. Bar = 50 μm.
Fig 7.
A leaf cross-section from Anoectochilus sp. showing the tapering of the palisade layer into a vascular bundle area.
The number of cells containing chloroplasts (C) lessened (a). The UV rays (b) and blue light (c) indentified cells containing chloroplasts (C), while green light (d) identified cells containing anthocyanins (A). AD = adaxial; AB = abaxial. Bar = 50 μm.
Fig 8.
A leaf cross-section from L. discolor.
The palisade mesophyll layer was accompanied, albeit inconsistently, by anthocyanic layers of cells (A) located directly underneath the former (a). The chloroplasts (C) fluoresced under both UV ray (b) and blue light (c), with the strongest glow obtained from the latter. Anthocyanin-containing cells fluoresced the strongest under green light (d). AB = abaxial; AD = adaxial; CU = cuticle; PM = palisade mesophyll; SM = spongy mesophyll. Bar = 50 μm.
Fig 9.
A leaf cross-section from L. discolor displaying cells with multiple anthocyanic layers.
The arrangement of cells containing chloroplasts (C) and anthocyanins (A) were observed under brightfield microscopy (a), UV rays (b), blue light (c) and green light (d). AB = abaxial; AD = adaxial; CU = cuticle; PM = palisade mesophyll; S = stoma; SM = spongy mesophyll. Bar = 100 μm.
Fig 10.
A leaf cross-section from L. discolor displaying deviation in the anthocyanic layer when vascular bundles are present.
The arrangement of cells containing chloroplasts (C) and anthocyanins (A) were conducted under brightfield microscopy (a), UV rays (b), blue light (c) and green light (d). AB = abaxial; AD = adaxial; CU = cuticle; PM = palisade mesophyll; SM = spongy mesophyll; VB = vascular bundle. Bar = 100 μm.
Fig 11.
UV-visible spectrum of cyanidin chloride at 50 μg mL-1.
Fig 12.
HPLC chromatogram of the cyanidin chloride standard at 1 mg mL-1.
Fig 13.
Calibration curve of the cyanidin chloride standard.
Fig 14.
Chromatogram of the methanolic extract of L. discolor at 5 mg mL-1.
The target peak is shaded and marked with an arrow.