Fig 1.
Reflective markers were placed on bone anatomical landmarks of the body. Cluster markers were placed on the upper and lower leg for better motion tracking for these specific body segments. During walking, running and hopping the medial markers of the knee and ankle were removed to avoid any adaptation of the natural movement in case of marker contact.
Fig 2.
Average peak HCFs expressed in body weight of each subject [BW] ranked from left to right for the highest (blue) to the lowest HCF’s (red). Asterisks denote the exercises with significantly different peak HCFs compared to walking at 4 km/h (1st peak) indicated by the horizontal line.
Fig 3.
Ranking femoral head displacements.
Femoral head displacements in millimeters [mm] during peak HCFs ranked from right to left for the highest (blue) to the lowest displacement (red).
Fig 4.
Tensile strains at the proximal femur for (A) hopping (propulsion), (B) walking 6 km/h (second peak), (C) walking 4 km/h (first peak) and (D) Hip Abduction at 80% RM.
Fig 5.
Ranking tensile strains inferior part.
Average peak tensile strains in μstrains (εμ) in the inferior part of the femoral neck ranked from left to right for the highest (blue) to the lowest strain (red). Asterisks denote the exercises with significantly different peak tensile strains compared to walking at 4 km/h (1st peak) indicated by the horizontal line.
Fig 6.
Ranking tensile strains superior part.
Average peak tensile strains in μstrains (εμ) in the superior part of the femoral neck ranked from left to right for the highest (blue) to the lowest strain (red). Asterisks denote the exercises with significantly different peak tensile strains compared to walking at 4 km/h (1st peak) indicated by the horizontal line.
Fig 7.
Compression strains at the proximal femur for (A) hopping (propulsion), (B) walking 6 km/h (second peak), (C) walking 4 km/h (first peak) and (D) Hip Abduction at 80% RM.
Fig 8.
Ranking compression strains inferior part.
Average peak compressive strains in μstrains (εμ) in the inferior part of the femoral neck ranked from left to right for the highest (blue) to the lowest strain (red). Asterisks denote the exercises with significantly different peak compressive strains compared to walking at 4 km/h (1st peak) indicated by the horizontal line.
Fig 9.
Ranking compression strains superior part.
Average peak compressive strains in μstrains (εμ) in the s part of the femoral neck ranked from left to right for the highest (blue) to the lowest strain (red). Asterisks denote the exercises with significantly different peak compressive strains compared to walking at 4 km/h (1st peak) indicated by the horizontal line.
Table 1.
Exercises that have induced significantly higher (●) or lower (●●) (p < .05) hip contact or strains than 4 km/h walking (1st peak) at the femoral neck (inferior and superior part).