Fig 1.
Co-occurrence network of significantly abundant species.
A. Spearman correlation method. B. SparCC method. The nodes represent microbial species from the genus Bacteroides (green), Bifidobacterium (blue), Faecalibacterium (orange) and Roseburia (purple). The thickness of the edges represents the level of association depending on the value of Spearman’s correlation coefficient or the SparCC score respectively. Positive correlations are predicted to exist between species of Faecalibacterium and Roseburia, as shown in gray lines. Negative correlations are predicted to exist between species of Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium, as shown in red lines, except for (Bacteroides pectinophilus).
Fig 2.
Profiles of log10 16S rRNA copies, extracellular metabolite concentrations, and pH of Bifidobacterium adolescentis and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron in mono- and co-cultures in YCGMS (Yeast Casitone glucose maltose starch) medium for 56 h.
A and B. Log10 16S rRNA copies per ml of culture, C-E. Starch, maltose and glucose consumption. F-H. Acetate, lactate and formate production. I-J. Succinate and propionate production. K. pH profile of mono- and co-cultures of B. adolescentis and B. thetaiotaomicron. BB = co-culture of Bifidobacterium adolescentis and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bad = mono-culture of B. adolescentis, Bth = mono-culture of B. thetaiotaomicron. Experiments were performed in triplicates and error bars represent the standard deviation between each biological replicate. P-values less than and greater than 0.01 are summarized with two asterisks and ‘non-significant (ns)’ respectively.
Fig 3.
Profiles of log10 16S rRNA copies and extracellular metabolite concentrations, of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Roseburia inulinivorans mono- and co-cultures in YCFAGD (Yeast Casitone free acetate glucose disaccharide) and YCGD (Yeast Casitone glucose disaccharide) medium for 50h.
A-B Log10 16S rRNA gene copies per ml culture, C-F. Acetate and butyrate concentration of F. prausnitzii and R. inulinivorans mono- and co-cultures in YCFAGD and YCGD medium. FR = co-culture of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Roseburia inulinivorans, Fpr = mono-culture of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Rin = mono-culture of Roseburia inulinivorans. Experiments were performed in triplicates and error bars represent the standard deviation between each biological replicate. P-values less than and greater than 0.01 are summarized with two asterisks and ‘non-significant (ns)’ respectively.