Fig 1.
Carapace measurements on Dasypus kappleri (SMN 285).
CaSR: Dorsal length of the caudal sheath with rings; CaSNR: Dorsal length of the caudal sheath without rings; CS: Dorsal length of the cephalic shield; PS: Dorsal length of the pelvic shield; SC: Dorsal length of the scapular shield. See the text for details.
Fig 2.
Top: Scheme of the cranial measurements used in this study and defined in the text. Bottom: Location of landmarks of the dorsal, ventral and lateral views of the skull used in this study. See S3 Appendix for landmarks definition. Illustration: Fernando Heberson Menezes.
Fig 3.
Localities (dots) of the Dasypus specimens examined in this study.
Fig 4.
Distribution of the ten morphogroups of Dasypus.
Fig 5.
Boxplots of the scores on PC1 (left) and PC2 (right) of ten morphogroups of Dasypus. Boxes delimit the 1st and 3rd quantiles, the heavy midline the median, and whiskers correspond to respective quantiles -/+ 1.5 IQR (interquartile range). Outliers are represented by circles.
Table 1.
Loadings of the first two principal components extracted from the 887 log-transformed skull measurements.
Table 2.
Classification of morphogroups resulting from the cross-validated discriminant analysis from linear measurements of the skull of Dasypus, with sample size (N), correct classification percentage (Correct %).
Table 3.
Pairwise distances between mean shape of morphogroups.
Numbers in boldface represent significant values (p<0.05 based on a permutation test with 10,000 randomizations).
Fig 6.
Scatterplot of principal components of shape data of ten morphogroups of Dasypus.
(A) Dorsal view (B) right lateral view (C) right ventral view. Deformation shape at extreme values of PC1 and PC3 axes (A) or PC1 and PC2 (B, C) are shown. Gray dots represent the mean shape and arrows represent the changes in the landmarks position along the PCs as the score changes.
Table 4.
Results of the leave-one-out cross-validation analysis based on dorsal, lateral and ventral shape with the percentages of correctly classified specimens.
Fig 7.
Boxplots of diagnostic carapace measurements of morphogroups of Dasypus.
Boxes delimit the 1st and 3rd quantiles, the heavy midline the median, and whiskers correspond to respective quantiles -/+ 1.5 IQR. Outliers are represented by circles.
Fig 8.
Diagnostic traits in the species of the genus Dasypus.
See Table 7. A: Five (left) and four (right) digits in the forefoot; B: Poorly developed (left) and well-developed occipital lobe on cephalic shield; C: Well-developed (left) and poorly developed (right) scales at the knee; D: Smooth (left) and rough (right) scales in the pelvic shield; E: Flattened (up) and keeled (bottom) scales in the caudal sheath; F: Ring and unriged portion of the tail; G: Straight (upper) and sigmoid (bottom) dorsal profile of the skull; H: Erected and swollen (upper), erected and thin (middle) and smoothly inclined (bottom) lateral margin of the palatine; I: convex (left) and straight (right) posterior border of the palatine.
Table 5.
External measurements (in millimeters) and weight (in grams) for the Dasypus species.
Table 6.
Cranial measurements (in millimeters) for the Dasypus species.
Table 7.
Comparison of diagnostic traits in the species of the genus Dasypus (see Fig 8).
Fig 9.
Lateral and dorsal view of the carapace, tail, and limbs of the holotype of Dasypus beniensis (NRM 583386).
Fig 10.
Skull and mandible of the holotype of Dasypus beniensis (NRM 583386).
Fig 11.
Localities recorded for Dasypus beniensis.
Gray shading represents the moist broadleaf forest from central and northwestern of South America and dotted lines are the main rivers. Star represents the type locality.
Fig 12.
Skull of the holotype of D. pastasae (BM 80.5.6.71).
Fig 13.
Localities recorded for Dasypus pastasae.
Gray shading represents the moist broadleaf forest from central and northwestern of South America and dotted lines are the main rivers. Star represents the type locality.
Fig 14.
Dorsal and lateral view of the holotype skin, limbs, and tail of Dasypus kappleri peruvianus Lönnberg (1928) [= D. pastasae (Thomas, 1901)].
Fig 15.
Dorsal and lateral view of the lectotype of the mounted skin of Dasypus kappleri (SMN 285).
Fig 16.
Skull and mandible of the lectotype of Dasypus kappleri (SMN 285).
Fig 17.
Localities recorded for Dasypus kappleri.
Gray shading represents the moist broadleaf forest from central and northwestern of South America and dotted lines are the main rivers. Star represents the type locality.
Fig 18.
Paralectotype of Dasypus novemcinctus Linnaeus, 1758 (NRM 532077), the Linnaeus extant specimen originally preserved in the collection of the King A. Fredrik.
Fig 19.
Lectotype of D. novemcinctus herein designated.
Xylogravure reproduced from Marcgrave’s “Tatu-ete” (1648: 231).
Fig 20.
Skull and mandible of the Dasypus novemcinctus Linnaeus, 1758 (UFPB 744) from Paraiba, Brazil [ca. 50 km from the type locality].
Fig 21.
Localities recorded for Dasypus novemcinctus, showing specimens examined.
Question mark: doubtful record from Coronel Dorrego, southeastern Buenos Aires province, Argentina. Star represents the region of the type locality.
Fig 22.
Lateral and dorsal view of the holotype of Dasypus pilosus (NMW ST 222).
Fig 23.
Skull and mandible of Dasypus pilosus from Zapatogocha, Huánuco, Peru (MUSM 2056).
Fig 24.
Localities recorded for Dasypus pilosus, all restricted to the Peruvian Andes.
Fig 25.
Dorsal, lateral and ventral views of the skin of the holotype of Dasypus sabanicola (EBRG 965).
Fig 26.
Skull and mandible of the holotype of Dasypus sabanicola (EBRG 965).
Fig 27.
Localities recorded for Dasypus sabanicola in the Llanos of Venezuela and Colombia.
Star represents the type locality.
Fig 28.
Dorsal and lateral view of the skin of the holotype of Dasypus mazzai (MACN 31.273).
Fig 29.
Skull of the holotype of Dasypus mazzai (MACN 31.273).
Reproduced from Yepes (1933).
Fig 30.
Localities recorded for Dasypus mazzai in the Yungas and Chaco of Argentina.
Star represents the type locality.
Fig 31.
Lateral and dorsal view of the holotype (UPSZTY 24) of Dasypus septemcinctus Linnaeus, 1758, showing the label handwritten by C. P. Thunberg, Linnaeus’ pupil and successor as curator of the Uppsala collection.
Fig 32.
Skull and mandible of Dasypus septemcinctus septemcinctus from Brasilia, Brazil (UNB 1475).
Fig 33.
Localities recorded for Dasypus septemcinctus Linnaeus, 1758, showing records for the three subspecies and the putative contact zone between D. s. septemcinctus and D. s. hybridus.
Star represents the type locality for the nominate subspecies (D. s. septemcinctus). Question mark: doubtful record from Mendoza.
Table 8.
Diagnostic morphometric traits for the subspecies of Dasypus septemcinctus.
Fig 34.
Localities recorded for Dasypus septemcinctus septemcinctus Linnaeus, 1758.
Star represents the type locality.
Fig 35.
Mounted skin of the neotype (FMNH 29334) of Loricatus hybridus Desmarest, 1804 (= Dasypus septemcinctus hybridus).
Fig 36.
Skull and mandible of neotype (FMNH 29334) of Loricatus hybridus Desmarest, 1804 (= Dasypus septemcinctus hybridus).
Fig 37.
Localities recorded for Dasypus septemcinctus hybridus (dots) and D. s. cordobensis (star).
Question mark: doubtful record from Mendoza. White star represents the type locality of D. s. hybridus.
Fig 38.
Skin, skull, and mandible of the holotype of Dasypus septemcinctus cordobensis new subspecies (MACN 33.20).
Fig 39.
Boxplots of selected external, carapace and cranial diagnostic measurements between Dasypus septemcinctus cordobensis, D. s. hybridus, and D. s. septemcinctus.
Boxes delimit de 1st and 3rd quantiles, the heavy midline the median and whiskers correspond to respective quantiles -/+ 1.5 IQR. Outliers are represented by circles.