Fig 1.
Map (A) depicts Aedes collection localities from Panama. Localities (numbers in red), provinces (codes in red), and comarcas (codes in black; a comarca is an indigenous political region). Each province and comarca is labeled. BOC = Bocas del Toro; CHI = Chiriquí, CNB = Comarca Ngobe-Buglé, VER = Veraguas; HER = Herrera; LOS = Los Santos; COC = Coclé, COL = Colón; PAE = Panamá Este; PAO = Panamá Oeste; CKY = Comarca Kuna Yala; CKM = Comarca Kuna de Madungandí; CKW = Comarca Kuna de Wargandí, CEM = Comarca Embera Wounaan; DAR = Darién. CKM is a territory within PAN province; CKW is a territory within DAR province. Maps (B), (C) and (D) depict collection site (circles in red) in relation to Precipitation, Population Density and Landscape use in Panamá, respectively. The dark lines in maps B, C and D represent the main roads across the country.
Table 1.
Localities, Counties and Provinces where Aedes mosquitoes were sampled in Panama, plus their geographic coordinates and relative species numbers.
Table 2.
Intra-population diversity metrics for Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus from 10 Provinces of Panama, based on analyses with molecular sequences of the CO1 gene.
Fig 2.
(A) Neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree of Panamanian and worldwide CO1 haplotypes of Aedes aegypti from GenBank (http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/). Panamanian haplotypes belonging to sub-Clade A (a), sub-Clade A (b) and Clade B are shown in green, red and blue triangles, respectively. Bootstrap values depicting branch support higher than 60% are shown in the tree. Asterisks (*) in Haplotype 1 and Haplotype 13 indicate most frequent Panamanian haplotypes within sub-Clade A (b) and Clade B, respectively. (B) TCS network depicting mutational relationships among three CO1 haplogroups of Aedes aegypti. Haplogroups 1, 2 and 3 mimic the color of sub-Clade A (b), Clade B and sub-Clade A (a), in that order. Haplotypes are represented by circles and their sizes reflect their population frequencies. Missing haplotypes are represented by blue and green dots and numbers along lines are mutational differences. Haplogroups 1, 2 and 3 match those in Table 3. (C) Geographic distribution of haplogroups 1 (red), 2 (blue) and 3 (green) across Panama. Bars correspond to the regional frequency of that haplogroup per sampling Province (see Table 1 for additional details). Black diamond (i.e., North arrow) indicates the direction to the geographic North Pole.
Fig 3.
(A) Neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree of Panamanian and worldwide CO1 haplotypes of Aedes albopictus from GenBank (http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/). Panamanian haplotypes belonging to Clade A, sub-Clade B (b) and sub-Clade B (c) are shown in red, brown and green triangles, respectively. Bootstrap values depicting branch support higher than 60% are shown in the tree. Asterisks (*) in Haplotypes 1, 4 and 3 indicate most frequent Panamanian haplotypes in Clade A, sub-Clade B (b) and sub-Clade B (c), respectively. Black diamond symbolizes sequence AB907801 that was found in Costa Rica and Western Panama. (B) TCS network depicting mutational relationships among three CO1 haplogroups of Aedes albopictus. Haplogroups 1, 2 and 3 mimic the color of Clade A, sub-Clade B (c) and sub-Clade B (b), in that order. Haplotypes are represented by circles and their sizes reflect their population frequencies. One missing haplotype is represented by a red dot in haplogroup 1 and numbers along lines are mutational differences. Haplogroups 1, 2 and 3 match those in Table 3. (C) Geographic distribution of haplogroups 1 (red), 2 (green) and 3 (brown) across Panama. Bars correspond to the regional frequency of that haplogroup per sampling Province (see Table 1 for additional details). Black diamond (i.e., North arrow) indicates the direction to the geographic North Pole.
Table 3.
Heat map depicting the geographic distribution and frequency of CO1 haplotypes of three haplogroups of Ae. aegypti and three haplogroups of Ae. albopictus found in Panama.