Table 1.
Participant characteristics by muscle mass status and BMI in 11,687 participants of NHANES 1999–2004.
Fig 1.
BMI versus total body fat percentage based on muscle mass status and age.
Graphs show scatter plots of BMI and total body fat percentage and fitted b-splines based on muscle mass status for women (Panel A) and men (Panel B), and based on age <60 years or ≥60 years for women (Panel C) and men (Panel D). Scatter plots depict data for a single imputation but appeared identical for all imputations. B-splines were calculated using data from all imputations.
Table 2.
Association of body-mass index stratified by muscle mass with all-cause mortality in 11,687 participants of NHANES 1999–2004.
Fig 2.
Risk of all-cause mortality by BMI category and muscle mass status.
Bars indicate prevalence of low muscle mass in each BMI category. One participant with BMI >35 (38 kg/m2) had low muscle mass and was grouped with participants with BMI 30-<35 kg/m2 for statistical analysis. Models adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, smoking status, physical activity level, and education. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals.
Fig 3.
The risk of death according to BMI for the full cohort (upper panel) and for participants with preserved muscle mass (lower panel).
Mortality modeled as a restricted cubic spline and models adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, smoking status, physical activity level, and education. The shaded area represents the 95% confidence interval.
Fig 4.
Association of BMI with all-cause mortality without and with adjustment for appendicular skeletal muscle mass index for the full cohort.
Models adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, smoking status, physical activity level, and education. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals.
Fig 5.
Association of BMI with all-cause mortality without and with adjustment for appendicular skeletal muscle mass index after stratification by smoking status.
Models adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, smoking status, physical activity level, and education. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals.
Fig 6.
Association of BMI with all-cause mortality without and with adjustment for appendicular skeletal muscle mass index and waist circumference.
Models adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, smoking status, physical activity level, and education. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals.
Fig 7.
Risk of mortality by BMI category and muscle mass status, without and with adjustment for waist circumference.
Y-axis truncated for clarity (see S6 Fig for untruncated y-axis). Models adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, smoking status, physical activity level, and education. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals.