Fig 1.
(A) Map of sampling localities. Relative haplotype frequencies for each sampling locality are denoted by pie charts. Colors for each haplotype correspond to haplotype networks displayed in B-D. (B-D) Haplotype networks for SCN4A in each species. Nodes sizes are scaled to represent the relative number of each haplotype and each unique haplotype is represented by a color. Photographs of each study species correspond to haplotype networks B-D respectively.
Table 1.
Total toxicity assays from Wang 2011 [46] for D. granuliferus sequenced in this study.
Fig 2.
(A) Gene tree for NaV1.4 (SCN4A) DI-S6 inferred by BEAST. Branch lengths are transformed for ease of viewing and do not represent actual values. (B) mtDNA (12S, 16S, ND1, ND2) tree for Dendrobatidae. Nodes with posterior probability values above 0.70, 0.80, and 0.95 are denoted by shaded circles. Origins of resistance associated amino acid replacements, A446D and I433V, are denoted by boxes of D and V, respectively. Subsequent reversals to the ancestral state are denoted by strikethroughs. Lineages with alkaloid toxin defense are colored orange on both trees.
Fig 3.
Ancestral state reconstructions for alkaloid resistance-conferring amino acid replacements.
The underlying phylogeny was generated in BEAST using previously published 12S, 16S, ND1, and ND2 mtDNA sequences. Pie charts on nodes represent marginal likelihoods for ancestral character states.