Fig 1.
Cartoon schematic of hyperopic treatments.
A, LASIK: Corneal is lifted, excimer laser (represented by red arrows) is applied to the peripheral cornea in a circular pattern. B, SMILE lateral view of cornea showing optical (anterior cap) zone (5.5mm diameter), the transition zone (1mm wide) and the 90 degrees lenticule side cut C, Lenticule shape: Showing the implanted lenticule. A = Anterior Cornea, P = Posterior Cornea.
Fig 2.
Representative colour photographs of macaque eyes before and following treatment by hyperopic LASIK, SMILE and re-implantation.
Panel A show representative colour photographs of the macaque eyes before and at incremental time points following three hyperopic treatments. Corresponding AS-OCT (RTVue) images of the same time points are shown in Panel B.
Fig 3.
Timeline of refractive error and topographic anterior curvature at 3 months post hypermetropic correction.
Panel A shows a timeline for +2 and +4 treatment groups by mean spherical equivalence (SD) for LASIK (black, n = 6)), SMILE (blue, n = 6), lenticule re-implantation (red, n = 3) and control (green, n = 1). Panel B shows representative topographical maps of the anterior curvature of the cornea (ATLAS 9000 Corneal Topography System) at 3 months post-treatment in all treatment groups.
Fig 4.
In-vivo confocal microscopy images on section plane with different hypermetropic treatments.
Panel A shows in vivo confocal images taken at the femtosecond laser interface at time zero through 3 months with LASIK +2.0D, SMILE +2.0D, Re-implantation +2.0D and LASIK +4.0D, SMILE +4.0D, Re-implantation +4.0D (top to bottom). Panel B shows the delta interface reflectivity (reflectivity at 3 months-reflectivity at time 0). Panel C shows the delta interface keratocyte density (density at 3 months-density at time 0). Comparisons were made with ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post hoc test; *** = p<0.001. NS = Not Significant.
Fig 5.
Immunohistochemical analysis of macaque corneas.
Representative images of staining at 3 months post treatment are shown from the central cornea. Staining was undertaken with Fibronectin (green), Tenacsin (green), Collagen I (green), CD18, α-SMA(red)-phalloidin (green) (panel A) and HSP 47 (green), TUNEL (red) and Ki67 (green) (panel B) and shown (from left to right) for the following treatment groups: LASIK +2.0D, SMILE +2.0D, LASIK +4.0D, SMILE +4.0D, re-implantation +2.0D, re-implantation +4.0D.