Fig 1.
Visual field constriction by pinhole glasses.
Subjects with normal eyesight wore pinhole (PH) glasses with a 2 mm aperture that caused VF constriction. Of note, PH glasses with the same aperture can lead to a different level of VF constriction between individuals.
Fig 2.
PH glasses with variable apertures.
We developed PH glasses with variable apertures to create restricted visual fields.
Fig 3.
The VF constrictions of 10° and 15° were created using a pinhole with variable apertures and a CLOCK CHART® displaying a ladybug and a caterpillar on the central 10°and 15°eccentricity, respectively.
Fig 4.
Screenshots of simulated scenarios.
The main test contained 8 scenarios depicting situations such as oncoming right-turning cars (A, B) and suddenly appearing hazards from the side in front of the car (C-H) Screenshots of the 8 scenarios: A. Oncoming right-turning blue car 1. B. Oncoming right-turning blue car 2. C. White car appearing from left. D. Red car appearing from right. E. Mobility scooter appearing from left. F. Blue car appearing from left. G. Mobility scooter appearing from right. H. Blue car appearing from right.
Table 1.
Subject characteristics.
Table 2.
Comparison of collisions between PH- and PH+.
Table 3.
Comparison of collisions between PH10 and PH- in 51 subjects and between PH15 and PH- in 37 subjects.
Table 4.
Comparison of collisions in each scenario for both the PH10 and PH15 groups.