Fig 1.
Various available EOR methods, with their typical percentage incremental recovery [8–10].
Fig 2.
Schematic view of an EM-based EOR setup in field level.
Table 1.
Fluid properties at ambient condition.
Fig 3.
Schematic illustration of the goniometer, customized for the measurement of interfacial tension and contact angle under electromagnetic waves.
Fig 4.
Schematic of EM-assisted experimental setup for sandpack flooding.
Fig 5.
A sample of sandpacked core holder.
Table 2.
Petrophysical properties of sandpacks at the initial condition.
Table 3.
Summary of ZnO nanofluid flooding at 95°C, without and with the electromagnetic field.
Fig 6.
Oil recovery performance and differential pressure of SDBS surfactant flooding as a function of injected PV.
Fig 7.
Interfacial tension and contact angle measurement for crude oil against brine and 0.025 wt. % SDBS at ambient condition.
Fig 8.
Recovery performance vs. differential pressure of conventional nano flooding as a function of injected PV for (a) ZnO@500 NF and (b) ZnO@800 NF.
Fig 9.
Measured interfacial tension and the contact angle of crude oil against ZnO NFs/SDBS at ambient condition, along with the captured images.
Fig 10.
Cumulative oil recovery and pressure drop profile as a function of injected PV for EM-assisted nano flooding of (a) ZnO@500 NF and (b) ZnO@800 NF.
Fig 11.
Effect of electromagnetic waves on interfacial tension and contact angle of crude oil with ZnO NFs/SDBS as the aqueous medium.
Fig 12.
Schematic representation of deformation of oil drop, surrounded with nanoparticles, by an electric field.