Table 1.
General and biochemical parameters of rats in different groups.
Fig 1.
(A)Representative HE, PAS staining (scale bar = 50 μm) and IHC staining for α-SMA (scale bar = 100 μm) of kidney from control, HFD and HFD + Lira group. (B) IHC staining for IL-6 and MCP-1 in kidney of different groups (scale bar = 100 μm). (C)Quantification of IL-6 and MCP-1 protein detected by IHC staining. (D-E) Morphological analysis of glomerular size, glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis in renal sections. (F)Quantification of α-SMA detected by IHC staining(** p<0.01, compared with control;# p<0.05,# # p<0.01, compared with HFD).
Fig 2.
OPLS-DA loading plots derived from renal lipid extracts of 1H NMR spectra in (A) HFD group vs control group and (B) HFD+ Lira group vs HFD group. Note: 1. Total Cholesterol (C18H3), 2. Fatty acid residues (ω-CH3), 3. Total Cholesterol (C26H3, C27H3), 4. Free Cholesterol (C19H3), 5. Fatty acid residues ((CH2-)n), 6. Fatty acid residues (COCH2-CH2), 7. Fatty acid residues (-CH2 of ARA+EPA), 8. Fatty acid residues (CH2-CH = 9. Fatty acid residues (-CO-CH2), 10. Fatty acid residues (-CH = CH-CH2-CH = CH-), 11. Phosphatidylethanolamine (-CH2-NH2), 12. Sphingomyelin (-CH2-N-(CH3)3), 13, Phosphatidylcholine (-CH2-N-(CH3)3), 14. Total phospholipids (Glycerol (C3H2)), 15. Triglycerides (C1H and C3H of glycerol), 16. Triglycerides(C2H of glycerol), 17. Fatty acid residues (-CH = CH-).
Fig 3.
OPLS-DA loading plots derived from renal aqueous extracts of 1H NMR spectra in (A) HFD group vs control group and (B) HFD+ Lira group vs HFD group.The colored correlation coefficients indicated significant metabolites which were higher or lower in each group.
Fig 4.
(A)Oil Red O (ORO) staining of kidney from control, HFD and HFD + Lira group (scale bar = 100 μm).(B) Quantification of kidney MDA level. (C) Real-time PCR analysis for CD36, L-FABP, SREBP-1c, FAS, PPAR-α and CPT1 mRNA. (D) IHC staining for renal PPAR-α, FABP1 and CPT1(scale bar = 100 μm). (E) Quantification of PPAR-α, FABP1 and CPT1proteindetected by IHC staining (* p<0.05, ** p<0.01, compared with control;# p<0.05, # # p<0.01, compared with HFD).
Fig 5.
(A) Fluorescence staining of MitoSOX in kidney from control, HFD and HFD + Lira group (scale bar = 100μm). (B) Quantification of kidney mtROS detected by MitoSOX staining. (C) Renal tissue ATP levels in different groups. (D) Real-time PCR analysis for TFAM, NRF-1, NDUFS5 and SDHB mRNA. (E) IHC staining for renal UCP2 and ATP5a1(scale bar = 100μm). (F) Quantification of UCP2 and ATP5a1protein detected by IHC staining (* p<0.05, ** p<0.01 compared with control; # p<0.05,# # p<0.01 compared with HFD).
Fig 6.
(A) IHC staining for PGC1α, p-AMPK and Sirt1of kidney from control, HFD and HFD + Lira group (scale bar = 100μm). (B) Real-time PCR analysis for Sirt1 and PGC1α mRNA. (C) Quantification of PGC1α, p-AMPK and Sirt1 protein detected by IHC staining. (D) Determination of renal NAD+/NADH ratio by commercial kit (** p<0.01 compared with control; # # p<0.01 compared with HFD).